O Gabinete Biométrico da Escola de Educação Física do Exército: medir e classificar para produzir corpos ideais, 1930-1940*

Abstract

Analisa práticas biométricas e biotipológicas do Gabinete Biométrico da Escola de Educação Física do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, presentes na Revista de Educação Física do Exército nas décadas de 1930 e 1940. Era preciso classificar, controlar periodicamente os resultados dos exercícios e medir aspectos morfológicos dos corpos. As classificações eram feitas segundo modelos estrangeiros, e buscava-se classificar tipo, qualidades e defeitos. A análise das práticas do Gabinete demonstra que biometria e biotipologia foram mobilizadas complementarmente pela educação física, objetivando a normatização dos corpos.

Correlation Between Voice, Speech, Body and Facial Types in Young Adults

“…Besides, body proportions differentiate themselves after puberty [23] and determine muscles' shape and position, which in turn plays a role in the variation of speech, agility, resistance and strength (SARS) [5]. A very important finding in the present study was that biotype did not appear to have any correlation with facial Global Journal of Otolaryngology type, contradicting the symmetry theory of the Italian School [3,5,8,9]. Nevertheless, in a more relevant sense, it agrees with the study of Brown in 1934 [23], which described the population as heterogeneous and peculiar, without any metric agreement or symmetric measures.…”

“…Biotypology first started to be thoroughly studied in Italy, with biometry, which resulted in definition of the Cormic Index (CI) in 1907, described by Giuffrida-Ruggeri [22] This index is considered the main determinant factor for bodies and functions variables [1,9,23,24], highlighting the relevance of biotype classification. The bio typology Italian School argues that torso and body parts measures are proportional to the facial structures [3,7], and, in this case, it would be a symmetry indicator. Besides, body proportions differentiate themselves after puberty [23] and determine muscles' shape and position, which in turn plays a role in the variation of speech, agility, resistance and strength (SARS) [5].…”

“…It started with an interest for personal aesthetics, followed by the concern for selecting the most skillful and physically prepared warriors afterwards [1,2]. Measurement methods were improved over time, resulting in the emergence of biotypology and biometry, which "differentiates individuals among themselves in a higher level when compared to age, gender or social factors" [3]. Biotypology provided the establishment of standards in the search for ideal and universal body proportions [4].…”

“…Biotypology provided the establishment of standards in the search for ideal and universal body proportions [4]. Obtained by Cormic Index [3][4][5] and related to Facial Types (FT) [6], it may classify individuals into three different biotypes [2,7,8] as follows: a) Endomorph: Presents a longer upper body compared to the extremities, has brachycephalic skull and is euryprosopic, characterized by a widened face. Such individuals present short and broad muscles, allowing them for better performance in tasks that involve strength and resistance.…”

A Compreensão Biocultural Do Alimento Na Formação Do Professor De Educação Física E O Diálogo Com O Ensino, Ciência E Saúde

“…2 A biometria é outro exemplo do acima indicado. 3 É tão fácil medir, rotular, categorizar, enfim, enquadrar corpos de acordo com os padrões aceitos em dado período histórico e em determinado contexto social, bem como, consequentemente, não pensar nos preconceitos que tal ato pode desencadear, a exemplo dos cartazes de Chabloz, que, seguindo as instruções dos médicos, 4 desenhou os biótipos dos nordestinos para classificar os soldados da borracha na Amazônia. 5 Nos cartazes, havia o desenho da anatomia de um homem normal chamado de Normolíneo, que era comparado aos tipos de corpos nordestinos.…”