Obesity, Abdominal Obesity, and Insulin Resistance

Westphal, Sydney A.

doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(08)60025-3

Cited by 111 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, dyslipidemias, hypertension, and high concentrations of fasting plasma glucose, as well as low-grade inflammation (1,2). Dietary interventions that promote lifestyle changes can be used as an appropriate alternative to reduce metabolic syndrome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Novel Lipokine Palmitoleic Acid in Health and Disease

Frigolet

Gutiérrez-Aguilar

2017

Advances in Nutrition

196

143

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The monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleate (palmitoleic acid) is one of the most abundant fatty acids in serum and tissues, particularly adipose tissue and liver. Its endogenous production by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gives rise to its cis isoform, cis-palmitoleate. Although trans-palmitoleate is also synthesized in humans, it is mainly found as an exogenous source in ruminant fat and dairy products. Recently, palmitoleate was considered to be a lipokine based on evidence demonstrating its release from adipose tissue and its metabolic effects on distant organs. After this finding, research has been performed to determine whether palmitoleate has beneficial effects on metabolism and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Thus, the aim of this work was to review the current status of knowledge about palmitoleate, its metabolism, and its influence on metabolic abnormalities. Results have shown mixed cardiovascular effects, direct or inverse correlations with obesity, and hepatosteatosis, but a significant amelioration or prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes. Finally, the induction of palmitoleate release from adipose tissue, dietary intake, and its supplementation are all interventions with a potential impact on certain metabolic diseases. Adv Nutr 2017;8(Suppl):173S-81S.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Novel Lipokine Palmitoleic Acid in Health and Disease

Frigolet

Gutiérrez-Aguilar

2017

Advances in Nutrition

196

143

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“…Disorders of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues are usually associated to pathological conditions such as obesity, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). These conditions are frequently related to the inability of insulin to exert its role in glucose metabolism, especially in tissues with high metabolic activity (such as skeletal muscle), such phenomenon is known as insulin resistance (Razani et al 2008, Rizza and Butler 1990, Westphal 2008. On the other hand, several studies have described important pathways by which glucose uptake is independent of the proper functioning of the insulin pathway (Lee et al 1995) or the presence of any morbidity related to insulin resistance (Kennedy et al 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

General aspects of muscle glucose uptake

Alvim

Cheuhen

Machado

et al. 2015

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Glucose uptake in peripheral tissues is dependent on the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. Studies have shown the existence of two major signaling pathways that lead to the translocation of GLUT4. The first, and widely investigated, is the insulin activated signaling pathway through insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The second is the insulin-independent signaling pathway, which is activated by contractions. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle due to the phenomenon of insulin resistance. However, those individuals have normal glucose uptake during exercise. In this context, physical exercise is one of the most important interventions that stimulates glucose uptake by insulin-independent pathways, and the main molecules involved are adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide, bradykinin, AKT, reactive oxygen species and calcium. In this review, our main aims were to highlight the different glucose uptake pathways and to report the effects of physical exercise, diet and drugs on their functioning. Lastly, with the better understanding of these pathways, it would be possible to assess, exactly and molecularly, the importance of physical exercise and diet on glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it would be possible to assess the action of drugs that might optimize glucose uptake and consequently be an important step in controlling the blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, in addition to being important to clarify some pathways that justify the development of drugs capable of mimicking the contraction pathway.

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“…Inverse correlations between plasma adiponectin levels and BMI or body fat was further supported by studies of Weyer et al .,29 who performed on Caucasian and Pima Indian populations, and our study supported these data on the Egyptian people. Visceral adipose tissue is biologically active and can secrete pro‐inflammatory cytokines, especially IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, which lead to insulin resistance 30. In addition, these cytokines may also be associated with a chronic inflammatory state in obesity, thus increasing the risk of erosive esophagitis 31.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiponectin level changes among Egyptians with gastroesophageal reflux disease

et al. 2018

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Background and AimVisceral fat is an important endocrine organ that secretes different bioactive substances such as adipocytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the adiponectin level changes among patients with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)and its consequence on pathogenesis.MethodsIn this study, 150 subjects were selected and divided into four groups: Group І (n = 40) were healthy individuals with an average body mass index and had no gastrointestinal tract symptoms; Group ІІ (n = 50) were patients with mild to moderate erosive esophagitis; Group ІІІ (n = 40) were patients with severe erosive esophagitis; and finally, Group ІV (n = 20) were patients with Barrett's esophagus. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed for Groups II, III, and IV only, and histopathological assessment was conducted for the suspicious cases of Barrett's esophagus. The measurement of serum adiponectin was performed for all groups using the ELISA test.ResultsOur results revealed that the serum level of adiponectin was significantly lower in patients with different grades of GERD as well Barrett's esophagus as compared to healthy controls (P‐value < 0.001). Additionally, the serum level of adiponectin was correlated with different grades of GERD as the highest level of the adiponectin was found in the control group (11.05 ± 2.58) followed by mild to moderate GERD (6.39 ± 1.64) and then severe GERD (2.42 ± 1.00); finally, the lowest level was detected in the Barrett's esophagus group (1.99 ± 0.47). Our study showed significant correlation between body mass index, waist circumference, and waist–hip ratio on one hand and serum adiponectin level on the other hand, with a statistically significant difference (P‐value < 0.001). The best cut‐off value for serum adiponectin was 7.7 (μg/mL), with a sensitivity of 91.8% and specificity of 97.5%.ConclusionsLow serum adiponectin level appears to be associated with an increased risk of erosive esophagitis, and visceral fat accumulation is related to the impaired secretion of adiponectin, which may have an influence on the pathogenesis of GERD.

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Obesity, Abdominal Obesity, and Insulin Resistance

Cited by 111 publications

References 45 publications

The Role of the Novel Lipokine Palmitoleic Acid in Health and Disease

The Role of the Novel Lipokine Palmitoleic Acid in Health and Disease

General aspects of muscle glucose uptake

Adiponectin level changes among Egyptians with gastroesophageal reflux disease

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