Obesity and immunodeficiencies are the main pre‐existing conditions associated with mild to moderate <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 in children

León-Abarca, Juan Alonso

doi:10.1111/ijpo.12713

Cited by 25 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…One of the most prominent risk factors for severe COVID-19 in both children and adults is obesity. Obesity has been associated with increased risk of pneumonia, severe disease among children (Leon-Abarca, 2020 ; Zachariah et al, 2020 ), risk of hospitalization, intensive care unit admission and mortality in adults (Popkin et al, 2020 ). Hence, our findings of a positive correlation between sACE2 and BMI in young males may have clinical relevance which needs to be explored further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Renin Levels Increase With Age in Boys Resulting in Higher Renin Levels in Young Men Compared to Young Women, and Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Correlates With Renin and Body Mass Index

et al. 2021

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Background: Age, sex, and body constitution may affect the shedding of membrane bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (mACE2) and lead to a relative mACE2 deficiency. However, it is unclear if differences, reflected by serum renin levels, exist in the basal renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) between children and adults, boys, and girls as well as young women and young men. Furthermore, it remains to be investigated if renin and soluble ACE2 (sACE2) levels are correlated with body mass index (BMI) in children and young adults. The aim of this observational study was to assess age-and sex differences in serum renin, and the relationship between renin, soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and body mass index in a prospectively followed population-based cohort of children which were followed into young adulthood.Study Design: We analyzed renin and sACE2 in serum in a prospectively followed population-based cohort at 9.9 (0.6) [mean (SD)] (n = 173), 11.7 (0.6) (n = 156), 14.8 (0.8) (n = 149), 18.8 (0.3) (n = 93), and 23.5 (0.7) (n = 152) years of age. Height (cm) and weight (kg) was measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2. Sex-related differences in renin levels were calculated using analysis of covariance, adjusted for age. Correlations were assessed by calculating the correlation coefficient (R2) using a multivariable linear mixed model.Results: Both sexes had low renin levels up to 12 years of age. Thereafter renin levels increased more in boys than in girls. Males from the age of 15 had significantly higher levels than females (p < 0.001). There was a positive linear relationship between renin and sACE2 levels in male and female subjects (p < 0.001), and between sACE2 levels and BMI in males (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Renin levels increase with age, are higher in men than in women since around puberty, and are correlated with sACE2 levels. Furthermore, sACE2 levels are correlated with body mass index in males. These findings indicate that high renin levels in males and females and a high BMI in males may activate pathways which increase the shedding of mACE2, with possible implications for the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Renin Levels Increase With Age in Boys Resulting in Higher Renin Levels in Young Men Compared to Young Women, and Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Correlates With Renin and Body Mass Index

et al. 2021

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“…186 This study concluded that children with immunodeficiencies were associated with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19 disease. 186 These findings may be influenced by biased reporting since PID and asthma patients may have better access to medical care than others.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Among Patients With Primary Immunodementioning

confidence: 88%

“…Predominantly antibody deficiencies represent the most common group of primary immunodeficiency diagnoses and reports have shown a wide range of clinical presentations of COVID-19 in these patients but suggest that the adaptive immune system may not be as critical of a defense against SARS-CoV-2 as other aspects of the immune system. 175,177,[182][183][184][185][186][187] Cases of COVID-19 in children with PID are limited. From the international study of patients with PID, 32 of the 94 patients reported were younger than 18 years of age.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Among Patients With Primary Immunodementioning

confidence: 99%

“… 185 In a study of the Mexican Open Registry of patients with COVID-19, immunodeficiencies (3.8%) and asthma (3.8%) were the most commonly found pre-existing conditions in the 21,161 patients younger than 18 years of age. 186 The patients labeled with an immunodeficiency included “transient hypogammaglobulinemia, IgG subclass deficiency, impaired polysaccharide responsiveness, and IgA deficiency.” 186 This study concluded that children with immunodeficiencies were associated with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19 disease. 186 These findings may be influenced by biased reporting since PID and asthma patients may have better access to medical care than others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 186 The patients labeled with an immunodeficiency included “transient hypogammaglobulinemia, IgG subclass deficiency, impaired polysaccharide responsiveness, and IgA deficiency.” 186 This study concluded that children with immunodeficiencies were associated with mild and moderate forms of COVID-19 disease. 186 These findings may be influenced by biased reporting since PID and asthma patients may have better access to medical care than others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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