Obesity, Body Composition, and Sex Hormones: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk

Singh, Prachi; Covassin, Naima; Marlatt, Kara L.; Gadde, Kishore M.; Heymsfield, Steven B.

doi:10.1002/cphy.c210014

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 640 publications

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“…Our study found that male adolescents in the high ST group had more FM with an exercise intervention, and numerous studies [40][41][42] have shown that ST has different effects on fat accumulation by sex. Higher ST in women result to higher levels, but in men, higher ST appears to have beneficial effects on obesity and glucose metabolism [40] and even predicts cardiovascular disease risk.…”

Section: Effect Of St On Body Composition Changessupporting

confidence: 67%

Randomized Controlled Study of Factors Influencing Body Composition and Exercise Quality of Male Adolescents Aged 13–15 Years Based onCross-Lagged Models: Obesity Level, Salivary Testosterone, and Exercise Combined with Caloric Restriction Intervention

Peng¹,

Xia²,

Gao³

et al. 2022

JOMH

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Background: Obesity is a worldwide health problem with many disadvantages for children and adolescents, especially for the sexual development of boys. Exercise and caloric restriction are effective in improving obesity; however, the factors influencing these improvements should be studied in detail. We conducted a randomized controlled study of factors affecting changes in body composition and physical capacity in males aged 13-15 years. Methods: Subjects were divided into three groups based on body fat percentage (BFP), and randomly divided into control and intervention groups. The experimental conditions of this study were based on an exercise camp with a 12-week closed training period. The intervention group received a combination of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and caloric restriction. All subjects were uniformly housed and had a standard time for diet and rest, whereas the control group performed their coursework during the exercise intervention time and had no dietary restrictions. The subjects were tested for body composition and physical capacity before and after the intervention. Results: The effect of exercise training and energy-restricted diets on fat loss and physical capacity was limited to relatively lower extremity explosive strength and cardiorespiratory endurance, with a significant effect on body composition. Fat mass reduction was influenced by obesity with a high level of individual variability, with higher levels of obesity resulting in greater reductions in fat mass. The reduction in BFP was not affected by the level of obesity, and there was a mild causal relationship with salivary testosterone (ST) in the intervention group but not in the control group. ST was predictive of future BFP in exercisers; individuals with high ST had a greater reduction in BFP under conditions of prolonged exercise and caloric restriction. Conclusions: More obese male adolescents can obtain greater fat mass reduction with the intervention, but fat-free mass and exercise quality are minimally affected by the level of obesity. Adolescent males with higher ST ground tend to gain improvements in body composition, and ST can be predictive of future BFP but needs to be in the context of an exercise intervention.

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Section: Effect Of St On Body Composition Changessupporting

confidence: 67%

Randomized Controlled Study of Factors Influencing Body Composition and Exercise Quality of Male Adolescents Aged 13–15 Years Based onCross-Lagged Models: Obesity Level, Salivary Testosterone, and Exercise Combined with Caloric Restriction Intervention

Peng¹,

Xia²,

Gao³

et al. 2022

JOMH

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“…Gender-dependent variability of body fat distribution has been reported previously, and it could be explained by the interactions of environmental exposures with gene expression, sex hormones, and metabolic status. For example, studies have suggested that a common gene, CYP11β2, showed the gender difference in the interaction of sodium intake and obesity [41], and sex hormones have been indicated as playing an important role in the regional body fat distribution [42]. Furthermore, it has been reported that gender heterogeneity exists in the relationship between dietary patterns and obesity [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staple Food Preference and Obesity Phenotypes: The Regional Ethnic Cohort Study in Northwest China

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Nutrients

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Staple food preference vary in populations, but evidence of its associations with obesity phenotypes are limited. Using baseline data (n = 105,840) of the Regional Ethnic Cohort Study in Northwest China, staple food preference was defined according to the intake frequency of rice and wheat. Overall and specifically abdominal fat accumulation were determined by excessive body fat percentage and waist circumference. Logistic regression and equal frequency substitution methods were used to evaluate the associations. We observed rice preference (consuming rice more frequently than wheat; 7.84% for men and 8.28% for women) was associated with a lower risk of excessive body fat (OR, 0.743; 95%CI, 0.669–0.826) and central obesity (OR, 0.886; 95%CI, 0.807–0.971) in men; and with lower risk of central obesity (OR, 0.898; 95%CI, 0.836–0.964) in women, compared with their wheat preference counterparties. Furthermore, similar but stronger inverse associations were observed in participants with normal body mass index. Wheat-to-rice (5 times/week) reallocations were associated with a 36.5% lower risk of normal-weight obesity in men and a 20.5% lower risk of normal-weight central obesity in women. Our data suggest that, compared with wheat, rice preference could be associated with lower odds ratios of certain obesity phenotypes in the Northwest Chinese population.

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“…The role of body composition in cardio-metabolic risk is a relevant point to be addressed. Indeed, considering that regional body fat distribution is a well-known determinant of cardiovascular risk, body composition has acquired a prognostic significance ( 87 ). Visceral adipose tissue has been associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in adults ( 88 ) and, compared to subcutaneous fat, visceral fat is related to a less favorable adipokyne and inflammatory profile, leading to a significant reduction in insulin sensitivity ( 88 , 89 ).…”

Section: Overweight and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth size, growth trajectory and later cardio-metabolic risk

2023

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There is increasing evidence of a strong association between intrauterine growth and subsequent development of chronic disease in adult life. Birth size and growth trajectory have been demonstrated to have an impact on cardio-metabolic health, both in childhood and adult life. Hence, careful observation of the children’s growth pattern, starting from the intrauterine period and the first years of life, should be emphasized to detect the possible onset of cardio-metabolic sequelae. This allows to intervene on them as soon as they are detected, first of all through lifestyle interventions, whose efficacy seems to be higher when they are started early. Recent papers suggest that prematurity may constitute an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, regardless of birth weight. The purpose of the present review is to examine and summarize the available knowledge about the dynamic association between intrauterine and postnatal growth and cardio-metabolic risk, from childhood to adulthood.

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Obesity, Body Composition, and Sex Hormones: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk

Cited by 14 publications

References 640 publications

Randomized Controlled Study of Factors Influencing Body Composition and Exercise Quality of Male Adolescents Aged 13–15 Years Based onCross-Lagged Models: Obesity Level, Salivary Testosterone, and Exercise Combined with Caloric Restriction Intervention

Randomized Controlled Study of Factors Influencing Body Composition and Exercise Quality of Male Adolescents Aged 13–15 Years Based onCross-Lagged Models: Obesity Level, Salivary Testosterone, and Exercise Combined with Caloric Restriction Intervention

Staple Food Preference and Obesity Phenotypes: The Regional Ethnic Cohort Study in Northwest China

Birth size, growth trajectory and later cardio-metabolic risk

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