Obesity-Induced TNFα and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation—Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers

Abstract

Obesity promotes the development of numerous cancers, such as liver and colorectal cancers, which is at least partly due to obesity-induced, chronic, low-grade inflammation. In particular, the recruitment and activation of immune cell subsets in the white adipose tissue systemically increase proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These proinflammatory cytokines not only impair insulin action in metabolic tissues, but also favor cancer development. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on how obesity affects inflammatory TNFα and IL-6 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancers.

Exploratory examination of inflammation state, immune response and blood cell composition in a human obese cohort to identify potential markers predicting cancer risk

“…With this in mind we carried out various assays to determine which would be the most informative at distinguishing those at risk. Looking at endogenous inflammatory markers, plasma levels of PGE 2 , CRP, IL-1RA, IL-17, and IL-6 were all significantly elevated in people with BMIs>35, which is consistent with previous reports suggesting obesity is pro-inflammatory and that this low grade CI is associated with an increased risk of cancer [5,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. On the other hand, there were a number of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that we found were not affected by obesity, including IL-12, IFNα, IL-8 and MIP1α (S2 Fig).…”

Serum Spexin is Correlated with Lipoprotein(a) and Androgens in Female Adolescents

“…Our findings also do not support the role of spexin in glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, we did not demonstrate any correlation between circulating spexin and the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, which is considered the best biomarker of obesity-induced, local and systemic low-grade inflammation associated with the development of insulin resistance [19,20].…”

Introductory Chapter: Unbearable Burden of the Diseases - Obesity

“…It is clearly known that the adipose tissue expands so that the circulating inflammation-related adipocytokines increase. Excessive fat accumulation continually increased oxidative stress (OS) [16][17][18]. OS leads to inflammatory reaction by triggering acute-phase response.…”

“…There is no doubt that obesity is a disease of its own, but it is also the main cause of various diseases in human body. The underlying mechanisms of obesity-related diseases are not well understood, but many evidences have pointed to cellular oxidative stress, following oxidative damage [16][17][18]. The expansion of the adipose tissue especially increases the visceral fat accumulation.…”

“…Blood glucose and lipids are continually high in obesity. Increased levels of glucose and lipids in circulation lead to excessive energy substrates in adipose tissue, which increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1,12,[16][17][18]. It is well known that ROS is related to chronic inflammation in the human body.…”