Obesogenic environments: current evidence of the built and food environments

Townshend, Tim; Lake, Amelia

doi:10.1177/1757913916679860

Cited by 226 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Authorities consider it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21 st century [1] . Although recently published guidelines recommend lifestyle modification as the initial treatment for obesity, still weight loss achieved with lifestyle intervention is modest [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Orlistat on the pancreas of the female albino rat: Histological and Histochemical study

Abdelwahab

Ali

Mahmoud

2017

Journal of Medical Histology

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Introduction: Orlistat is the only FDA approved drug for long term management of obesity. It reduces the absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting lipase enzyme. Many cases of pancreatitis were clinically reported in people who used orlistat. Aim of The work:The aim of the present study is to shed a light on the possible deleterious effect of orlistat on the normal pancreatic tissue, and the molecular mechanisms beyond these changes. Materials & Methods: Thirty six female albino rats were divided into 4 groups: Control Group I (a) without treatment &I (b) received only1 ml fish oil. Group II received 30 mg/kg/day of orlistat dissolved in 1ml of fish oil orally for 8 weeks. Group III, received 40 mg/kg/day of orlistat .Group IV (a) & (b) withdrawal groups. Pancreas was dissected out and processed for histological and immunohistochemical study for CASPASE, TNF, INOS and INSULIN. Results: Orlistat caused variable degrees of pancreatic tissue degeneration, dilatation of pancreatic ducts with retained secretion, fatty degeneration and congestion. Inflammatory cells infiltration observed in both pancreatic acini and islets of Langerhan,s only with high dose (40mg/kg). Positive immunoreactivity for activated caspase 3 and iNOS being more evident in high dose and decrease in immunoreactivity for anti-insulin antibody. immunoreactivity for TNF-α had been shown in high dose. These effects disappear after low dose withdrawal only. Conclusion: Orlistat may induce inflammation, fatty degeneration and impaired insulin production in the pancreas. These effects are dose dependent, and it should be taken in consideration while prescribing orlistat as a treatment for obesity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Orlistat on the pancreas of the female albino rat: Histological and Histochemical study

Abdelwahab

Ali

Mahmoud

2017

Journal of Medical Histology

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“…The increased intake of processed and calorie-dense foods has led to increasing rates of overweight and obesity across countries worldwide, including the European Union [1]. While multiple factors are related to obesity, the fundamental cause of obesity is the energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended [1][2][3]. As suggested by the World Health Organization [1] obesity and related morbidities can be prevented through supportive environments that shape people's choices, for example by making the selection of healthier food items to be consumed the easiest choice for consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Packaging Color and Health Claims on Product Attitude and Buying Intention

Theben

Gerards

Folkvord³

2020

IJERPH

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Packaging design is an important factor when consumers look out for healthy food. The study tested for effects of packaging color and health claims of a fictional fruit yoghurt package on attitude towards the product and subsequently, consumer's buying intention, using a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design. We also tested whether interest in healthy food is a moderating factor. We found no evidence to support that visual cues (color) and textual cues (health-related advertising claims) are effective in influencing consumer attitude towards the product. Consumers did not show a more positive attitude towards products presented in low-arousal packaging colors (green/blue) compared to high arousal packaging colors (red/yellow). Also, the claim "palatability" did not result in a more positive attitude towards the product than the claim "healthy". A moderating role of interest in healthy food could not be confirmed. The results confirmed, however, a significant relation of attitude towards the product and buying intention. Thus, buying intention could be explained mostly by whether consumers had a positive or negative attitude towards the product, which confirms that people's attitudes are powerful predictors of buying decisions. association with a healthy lifestyle and the societal interest in eating healthier [4,9]. A large proportion of sugar-containing products use labels that position them as healthy despite containing high levels of sugar [8].Changing the packaging design, adding information on labels, or even altering brand names are commonly used strategies to guide health-conscious consumers towards these BFY products [10,11]. In particular, food packaging helps consumers to intuitively assign food into categories such as "healthy" and "unhealthy" [12][13][14]. In relation to product packaging, it means that health-related claims like "low in fat", "lowers cholesterol", "without added sugars" or "good for your bones", or even certain images or packaging colors that denote health, induce consumers to believe that the product would be good for them and as a consequence, influence purchasing behavior [10,15]. Yet, it remains unclear how, and on the basis of what type of information, consumers perceive products to be more or less healthy. It further remains unclear if these different perceptions affect their attitudes toward the product and subsequently, the intention to consume the product.A theoretical model that aims to explain the effects of food cues on consumption behavior is the Reactivity to Embedded Food Cues in Advertising Model (REFCAM) [1]. Studies have shown that exposure to cues of palatable foods can lead to consumption by activating automatic eating responses-both physiological and psychological [1,[16][17][18]. This reactivity to food cues is difficult to suppress, in particular among individuals that are susceptible to these food cues [1,[19][20][21][22]. More specifically, health-related cues on food packaging can lead to the formation of positive attitudes towards the brand and product,...

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“…From 1980–2015, excess fat accumulation contributed to an estimated 4 million deaths through its association with cardiovascular, metabolic, cancer and other diseases, leading to a loss of 120 million disability‐adjusted life years (Afshin et al, ). An obesogenic environment, characterized by sedentary behavior and abundance of energy‐rich food, is among a very large number of potential contributors to high body mass index (BMI) at the population level (Townshend & Lake, ). However, genetic factors are also a known to affect BMI (Locke et al, ; Zaitlen et al, ), and heritability studies have indicated that 40–70% of BMI variability can be attributed to genetic factors (Zaitlen et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression increases the genetic susceptibility to high body mass index: Evidence from UK Biobank

et al. 2019

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Background: This study aimed to explore the association between depression and body mass index (BMI), and to investigate whether genetic susceptibility to high BMI is different among individuals with or without depression. Methods:We used data on 251,125 individuals of white British ancestry from the UK Biobank. We conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to test for a causal association between depression and BMI using a major depressive disorder (MDD)related genetic risk score (GRS MDD ) as an instrument for depression. We also examined whether depression modifies genetic susceptibility to high BMI, by investigating the interaction between depression and the BMI-related GRS BMI .Results: We found observational and genetic evidence for an association between depression and BMI (MR beta: 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.13). Further, the contribution of genetic risk to high BMI was higher among individuals with depression compared to controls. Carrying 10 additional BMI increasing alleles was associated with 0.24 standard deviation (SD; 95%CI 0.23-0.25) higher BMI among depressed individuals compared to 0.20 SD (95%CI 0.19-0.21) higher in controls, which corresponds to 3.4 kg and 2.8 kg extra weight for an individual of average height. Amongst the individual loci, the evidence for interaction was most notable for a variant near MC4R, a gene known to affect both appetite regulation and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis (p interaction = 5.7 × 10 −5 ).

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Obesogenic environments: current evidence of the built and food environments

Cited by 226 publications

References 76 publications

Effect of Orlistat on the pancreas of the female albino rat: Histological and Histochemical study

Effect of Orlistat on the pancreas of the female albino rat: Histological and Histochemical study

The Effect of Packaging Color and Health Claims on Product Attitude and Buying Intention

Depression increases the genetic susceptibility to high body mass index: Evidence from UK Biobank

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