Objectivity and Reliability of the 90° Push-Up Test

McManis, Beth G.; Baumgartner, Ted A.; Wuest, Deborah A.

doi:10.1207/s15327841mpee0401_6

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Reliability for the 90°p ush-ups to assess upper body muscular strength ranges from .50 to .86 in male and female high school students. 22 Sit and Reach. The sit and reach test measures flexibility of hamstring muscles.…”

Section: Methods Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Physical Education and Sport to Health-Related Fitness in High School Students

Beets

Pitetti

2005

J School Health

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This study compared health-related fitness variables of high school students (14 to 19-years-old; 120 males, 67 females) participating in physical education (PE) and school-sponsored sports (SSS) to students participating solely in PE. Cardiovascular fitness, the primary variable of interest, was measured using the 20-Meter Shuttle Run (number of completed laps, 20OMST). Secondary analysis compared upper body strength (90 degrees push-ups), flexibility (sit and reach), and body mass index (BMI kg/m2). Comparisons were made between students participating in 1-2 SSS and > or = 3 SSS for males and 1 SSS and > or = 2 for females to students participating solely in PE. Males participating in 1-2 SSS (mean (+/- SD) 20MST 63.80 +/- 25.61) and > or = 3 SSS (81.13 28.26) completed significantly (p < .001) more laps than males participating solely in PE (44.18 +/- 19.09). Females participating in 1 SSS (37.33 +/- 15.53) and > or = 2 SSS (49.48 +/- 19.83) completed significantly (p = .02) more laps than females participating solely in PE (23.50 +/- 7.96). Significant differences in number of 90 degrees push-ups was observed between males participating in > or = 3 SSS (49.41 +/- 12.90) and males participating solely in PE (37.63 +/- 11.79, p = .006). No significant differences existed for males on BMI (p = .223) or the sit and reach (p = .145), and for females on 90 degrees push-ups (p = .79), sit and reach (p = .579), and BMI (p = . 122). As the number of SSS increase, significant increases are observed in cardiovascular fitness, with youth participating solely in PE exhibiting the lowest levels of cardiovascular fitness in comparison to youth participating in PE and SSS.

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Section: Methods Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Physical Education and Sport to Health-Related Fitness in High School Students

Beets

Pitetti

2005

J School Health

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“…Test-retest reliability of 0.64 to 0.71 has been reported in elementary school children. 22 The Figure Finder Flex-Tester (Novel Products Inc, Rockton, IL), validated by The Cooper Institute was used for the sit and reach test to measure flexibility. 23 The subject, barefoot and seated on the floor, was instructed to reach forward with both hands along a scale 3 separate times with the third reach recorded to the nearest inch.…”

Section: Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fitness of Children With Standard-risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia During Maintenance Therapy

Moyer‐Mileur

Ransdell

Bruggers

2009

Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

135

203

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“…In the FITNESSGRAM®, intraclass reliability coefficients ranging from r = .64 to .96 were reported for 90º push-ups test scores of females; however, the reliability coefficient of r = .96 was obtained using bent-knee push-up scores. [8] found low objectivity and reliability for both males and females in the ages from elementary school to college for 90° push-up scores. They also found that it was difficult to discern correct and incorrect forms with this 90º push-ups test, and low strength college-age women had difficulties performing the 90° push-up correctly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…The bent-knee push-up may be easier than the full-body push-ups test for females to perform. [8] found that low strength females had difficulties performing the 90° push-up correctly, but were more successful performing bent-knee push-ups as an exercise in their class.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Reliability and Validity of the 90º Push-Ups Test Protocol

Hashim

Ariffin

Hashim

et al. 2018

int.jour.sci.res.mana

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AbstractsThis study was conducted to determine the objectivity, reliability and validity of the 90º push-ups test protocol among male and female students of Sports Science Program, Faculty of Sports Science and Coaching Sultan Idris University of Education. Samples (n = 300), consisted of males (n = 168) and females (n = 132) students were randomly selected for this study. Researchers tested the 90º push-ups on the sample twice in a single trial, test and re-test protocol in the bench press test. Pearson-Product Moment Correlation method's was used to determine the value of objectivity, reliability and validity testing. The findings showed that the 90 0 push-ups test protocol showed high consistency between the two testers with a value of r = .99. Likewise, The reliability value between test and re-test for the 90º push-ups test for the male (r=.93) and female (r=.93) students was also high. The results showed a correlation between 90º push-ups test and bench press test for boys was r = .64 and girls was r = .28. This finding indicates that the use of the 90º push-ups to test muscular strength and endurance in the upper body of males has a higher validity values than female students. Keywords: Arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance, 90 0 push-ups, bench pressIntroduction The 90° Push-ups test are used as a measure of arm and shoulder girdle strength and endurance. Several different forms of 90º push-ups test s are used in physical fitness tests. In the past, 90º push-ups test s for males were executed with the toes and hands on the ground (full-body push-ups test), whereas females performed modified versions, including those with the knees and hands on the ground (bent-knee push-up). These modified versions were used because females tend to score lower than males on a full-body push-ups test. Also, the bent-knee push-up test was used with boys and girls who could not execute a full-body pushups test. Presently, however, fitness tests like [6] have a 90° push-ups test for both boys and girls in which the toes and hands are on the ground while the participant lowers the body to the ground until the arms are at a 90° angle. Although the FITNESSGRAM® are mainly designed for testing children and youth, they are used for testing young healthy adults such as college students in fitness programs.

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Objectivity and Reliability of the 90° Push-Up Test

Cited by 25 publications

References 3 publications

Contribution of Physical Education and Sport to Health-Related Fitness in High School Students

Contribution of Physical Education and Sport to Health-Related Fitness in High School Students

Fitness of Children With Standard-risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia During Maintenance Therapy

Reliability and Validity of the 90º Push-Ups Test Protocol

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