Observation of cluster formation in an ionomer

Galambos, A. F.; Stockton, W. B.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T.; Sen, Ashish; Weiß, Robert; Russell, T. P.

doi:10.1021/ma00178a028

Cited by 70 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In this context, sample preparation method usually involves some method of solvent casting; and it is not at all clear (without using elevated temperatures) that room temperature drying, even under vacuum, removes all solvent, especially for a glassy polymer. With this reservation, studies have shown that solution casting and/or precipitation from solution can lead to a sample with no SAXS peak [55][56][57]. No SAXS peak has often been interpreted as indicating no ionic aggregates.…”

Section: Ionomer Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Showing this type of behavior is sodium-neutralized SPS with 5.5 mol% acid groups [97,98], manganese-neutralized SPS with 2.6% and 7.6 mol% acid groups [55,56]. A zinc-neutralized PTMO-based polyurethane [84] and a sodium-neutralized EMAA [81] showed a decrease in both scattering angle and peak height with increasing temperature, suggesting that some aggregates (presumably small ones) were breaking apart; however, an alternate interpretation is that both aggregate size and spatial distribution are becoming more disordered.…”

Section: Ionomer Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and critical analysis of the morphology of random ionomers across many length scales

Grady

2008

Polymer Engineering & Sci

101

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This review presents a description of what is known about ionomer morphology. All papers on ionomer morphology are not included in this review; but all relevant questions about ionomer morphology are posed and answered as completely as possible. The review is critical; that is, reasons are given for morphologies that are deemed to be more or less likely. The review is organized along three length scales: sub-nanometer, nanometer to 10 nm, and greater than 10 nm. Within each length scale, all three phases are considered: crystalline, amorphous, and ionic aggregate. The purity of the three phases, the arrangement of atoms in the three phases, the size and shape of the three phases, and their arrangements in space relative to each other are explored in this review. A model for the shape of aggregates in ionomers that have well-ordered internal environments is presented. This model proposes that aggregates are fundamentally planar, but will ''roll up'' into tubes or other related structures in order to reduce the number of atoms at aggregate edges. This model was developed primarily based on the varied morphologies ionomers have shown in electron micrographs, but is consistent with other indirect measurements of ionomer morphology.

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Section: Ionomer Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ionomer Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and critical analysis of the morphology of random ionomers across many length scales

Grady

2008

Polymer Engineering & Sci

101

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“…That notion may be supported by the dynamic mechanical results of Agarwal et al, 12 who attributed a melt relaxation to motion in the ionic domains. The results of Galambos et al 8 for sulfonated polystyrene ionomers suggest that the intensity of the low-angle scattering upturn shown in Figure 1 should increase as the ionic peak disappears, that is, as the ionic groups are dispersed into the polymer continuous phase. The SAXS data for temperatures from 140 to 294°C show a monotonic increase in the zero-angle scattering as temperature increases.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Although the origin of this scattering upturn is uncertain, in the past it has been attributed to a heterogeneous distribution of the ionic species in the polymer. 8,9 Agarwal and Prestridge 10 observed large ionic domains, ϳ500 to 1000 nm, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of Zn-SEPDM, which could contribute to the intense zero-angle scattering seen in Figure 1. However, TEM evaluation of Zn-SEPDM ionomers by Handlin et al 11 only detected ionic domains with diameters of 2 to 3 nm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of zinc stearate-filled sulfonated poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-ethylidene norbornene) ionomers

Jackson

Koberstein

Weiß

1999

J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys.

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“…8 Since partly crystalline ionomers have a wide range of application, extensive studies have been devoted to their morphology. [1][2][3]8 The morphology of polystyrene 7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] ionomers was also investigated widely using the SAXS technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfonated polystyrene ionomers containing 4-aminobenzoic acid studied by a small-angle X-ray scattering technique

et al. 2002

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In a recent study by the same authors using a DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer), it was found that the 4-aminobenzoic acid (ABA) molecules acted as either a neutralizing agent, or a plasticizer, or a filler, depending on the order of mixing of poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA), ABA, and NaOH. Subsequent to that study, we here pursued the same topic, i.e., the effect of the addition of CsOH (instead of NaOH) and ABA on the morphology of PSSA, but this time, by using a small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. In line with the previous results, the present study with the SAXS technique verified that the order of mixing has a significant effect on the morphology of ionomers. In addition, with the SAXS data and the density values of the ionomers, we attempted to calculate both the number of sulfonate ionic groups per multiplet and the size of the multiplet of the ionomer.

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Observation of cluster formation in an ionomer

Cited by 70 publications

References 5 publications

Review and critical analysis of the morphology of random ionomers across many length scales

Review and critical analysis of the morphology of random ionomers across many length scales

Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of zinc stearate-filled sulfonated poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-ethylidene norbornene) ionomers

Sulfonated polystyrene ionomers containing 4-aminobenzoic acid studied by a small-angle X-ray scattering technique

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