Observation of Stimulated Hawking Radiation in an Optical Analogue

Drori, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Yuval; Bermúdez, David; Silberberg, Yaron; Leónhardt, Ulf

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.122.010404

Cited by 202 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…(The interested reader is invited to consult Chapters 9 and 10 of Ref. [13] for typical values of the pair production rates due to "hard" processes, which seem to be in agreement with the recent observations reported in [11]. )…”

Section: Dsupporting

confidence: 84%

Four-wave mixing and enhanced analog Hawking effect in a nonlinear optical waveguide

et al. 2019

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We study in detail the scattering of light on a soliton propagating in a waveguide which has been proposed as an experimental system in which one could observe the analogue Hawking effect. When not applying the rotating wave approximation, we show that the linearized wave equation governing perturbations has the same structure as that governing phonon propagation in an atomic Bose condensate. By taking into account the full dispersion relation, we then show that the scattering coefficients encoding the production of photon pairs are amplified by a resonance effect related to the modulation instability occurring in the presence of a continuous wave. When using a realistic example of a silicon nitride waveguide on a silica substrate, we find that a soliton of duration 10 fs would spontaneously emit about one photon pair for every cm it travels, which makes the effect readily observable. This result is confirmed by numerically solving the equation encoding the Kerr nonlinearity and governing the evolution of the full field (soliton plus perturbations). We discuss the link with previous works devoted to the analogue Hawking effect where the pair creation rates were about six orders of magnitude smaller.

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Section: Dsupporting

confidence: 84%

Four-wave mixing and enhanced analog Hawking effect in a nonlinear optical waveguide

et al. 2019

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“…We have thus obtained a classical counterpart to the reasoning made in Ref. [9], in that case based upon a quantum mechanical viewpoint. Since the "particle" (the disturbance δn) moves very closely to the luminal case c/n (a little below it because of the Kerr effect), it is feasible that the superluminal effect may turn up.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…To conclude this paper, we have proposed an explanation of the experiment [9] within classical electrodynamics, and have pointed out how the central ingredient -the spacelike…”

Section: A Gedanken Experiment -Related To Our Considerations Above mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Spacelike character of the Minkowski four-momentum in analog gravity

Brevik

2019

Phys. Rev. A

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In analog gravity the recent experiment of Drori et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 010404 (2019)] is impressive, as it shows how the emission of two Hawking quanta emitted in opposite directions lead to measurable consequences in the medium's rest system in a straightforward way. This result raises however the following problem: how can this experiment be explained in terms of classical electrodynamics? There must necessarily exist such an explanation (the experiment is after all classical); otherwise classical electrodynamics would be an incomplete theory. This is the main topic of the present paper. We propose that the measured effect is a demonstration of the spacelike character of the Minkowski four-momentum. Moreover, we extend the discussion by analyzing a Gedanken experiment (making use of the Kerr effect as a formal agency), to illustrate the transition from subluminal to superluminal phenomena in a straightforward way. Finally, we emphasize the close relationship that exists between the spacelike Minkowski momentum and the anomalous Doppler effect.

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“…When the manuscript of the present paper was in its final preparation, a work has been submitted [50], claiming the observation of the generation of stimulated Hawking radiation from a solitonic optical event horizon via a pulsed pump (8 fs) and probe (50 fs) experiment, using a 7 mm photonic crystal fibre [50]. This is a remarkable first step towards the final detection of the spontaneous Hawking radiation in optics, which is a consequence of the mathematical framework described in the present paper.…”

Section: The Lifetime Of the Nlse Solitonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universal quantum Hawking evaporation of integrable two-dimensional solitons

2019

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We show that any soliton solution of an arbitrary two-dimensional integrable equation has the potential to eventually evaporate and emit the exact analogue of Hawking radiation from black holes. From the AKNS matrix formulation of integrability, we show that it is possible to associate a real spacetime metric tensor which defines a curved surface, perceived by the classical and quantum fluctuations propagating on the soliton. By defining proper scalar invariants of the associated Riemannian geometry, and introducing the conformal anomaly, we are able to determine the Hawking temperatures and entropies of the fundamental solitons of the nonlinear Schrödinger, KdV and sine-Gordon equations. The mechanism advanced here is simple, completely universal and can be applied to all integrable equations in two dimensions, and is easily applicable to a large class of black holes of any dimensionality, opening up totally new windows on the quantum mechanics of solitons and their deep connections with black hole physics. their energy and mass is radiated away. This outward flux of radiation can be measured at infinity with a characteristic temperature known as the Hawking temperature [4]. Since Hawking's seminal work other thermodynamical properties of black holes have been described in detail, perhaps most significantly the entropy, which in four dimensions turns out to be proportional to the black hole surface area, an observation due to Bekenstein which predates Hawking's work [5]. This result has had major implications for modern physics, and as its study requires a combination of general relativity, quantum field theory, thermodynamics and information theory, it is considered a promising route towards a deeper understanding of quantum gravity [6].Much literature has been devoted, experimentally and theoretically [7][8][9][10][11], to the possible detection of Hawking radiation in classical or semiclassical analogue systems (typically optical, hydrodynamical or based on quantum condensates), due to the considerable (and probably insurmountable) difficulty of detecting it in a real astrophysical setting. In light of Salam and Strathdee's conjecture about the equivalence between solitons and black holes, it is suggestive to imagine that the exact analogue of Hawking radiation can be directly seen in the physics of solitons. It is however important to establish a precise, unambiguous mathematical and physical connection between the two objects, something that we shall do in the present paper for the first time.In this paper, following Salam's steps, we push the analogy between black holes and solitons to a new level. We show that any soliton solution of a two-dimensional integrable nonlinear evolution equation potentially possesses a Hawking temperature which is determined solely by the geometrical properties of an internal surface connected to the specific soliton, called the integrable surface. The curvature of this surface is turned into Hawking radiation due to the existence of a quantum anomaly, well-known in two-dimens...

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Observation of Stimulated Hawking Radiation in an Optical Analogue

Cited by 202 publications

References 57 publications

Four-wave mixing and enhanced analog Hawking effect in a nonlinear optical waveguide

Four-wave mixing and enhanced analog Hawking effect in a nonlinear optical waveguide

Spacelike character of the Minkowski four-momentum in analog gravity

Universal quantum Hawking evaporation of integrable two-dimensional solitons

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