Observation of T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin Glucosides from Fusarium sporotrichioides by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

Busman, Mark; Poling, Stephen M.; Maragos, Chris M.

doi:10.3390/toxins3121554

Cited by 70 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Recently, the 3-O-glucosides of T2 and HT2 have also been reported in wheat and oats inoculated with Fusarium sporotrichiodes (Busman et al, 2011). Similarly, their occurrence in naturally infected wheat and oats was described by Lattanzio et al (2012).…”

Section: Modified Forms Of Trichothecenesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The solubility of both T2 and HT2 is poor in water but good in most organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and acetonitrile (Yates et al, 1968). T2 and HT2 have no UV absorption at wavelengths above 220 nm (Sydenham et al, 1996 (Busman et al, 2011). Based on the availability of hydroxyl groups and in analogy to other trichothecenes, the authors proposed that glycosylation has occurred at the 3-hydroxyl group.…”

Section: Fusarenon-x (Fus-xmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

126

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to human and animal health related to modified forms of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins were evaluated. Modified (often called “masked”) mycotoxins are metabolites of the parent mycotoxin formed in the plant or fungus, e.g. by conjugation with polar compounds. Fumonisins, which are difficult to extract from the plant matrix, are also termed modified mycotoxins. The CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to assess human exposure to modified forms of the various toxins in addition to the parent compounds, because many modified forms are hydrolysed into the parent compounds or released from the matrix during digestion. For modified forms of zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins, 100 %, 30 %, 10 % and 60 % were added, respectively based on reports on the relative contribution of modified forms. The same factors were used for animal exposure from feed. In the absence of specific toxicity data, toxicity equal to the parent compounds was assumed for modified mycotoxins. Risk characterization was done by comparing exposure scenarios with reference doses of the parent compounds. In humans, all lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) mean and 95th percentile exposures to the sum of modified and parent toxins were below the respective provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), with two exceptions: for zearalenone and modified zearalenone the UB 95th percentile exposure was up to 2.2‐fold the TDI. For fumonisins and modified fumonisins the exposure of toddlers and other children exceeded the PMTDI at both the LB and the UB estimates, which could be of concern. For farm animal species and pets the exposure to the sum of modified and parent toxins was in general not of concern. The risk in fish could not be addressed. The CONTAM Panel identified several uncertainties and data gaps for modified mycotoxins.

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Section: Modified Forms Of Trichothecenesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Fusarenon-x (Fus-xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It strongly inhibits the synthesis of DNA and RNA (Medina and Magan 2011), influences immunologic system, exhibits cytotoxicity (Lattanzio et al 2008;Busman et al 2011) and inhibits synthesis of proteins both in vivo and in vitro (Ingle et al 2010;Medina and Magan 2011). Inhaled T-2 toxin was 10 times more toxic than T-2 toxin taken orally (Schwake-Anduschus et al 2010;Ingle et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microflora present in gastrointestinal tract of every mammal converts T-2 toxin into several metabolites, mainly into the HT-2 toxin that is easily absorbed into the blood (Medina and Magan 2011). Therefore, toxic effects caused in vivo by HT-2 toxin are partly included in the evaluation of toxicity of T-2 toxin (Lattanzio et al 2008;Busman et al 2011;Medina and Magan 2011). European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) has specified tolerable daily intake (TDI) regarding some Fusarium mycotoxins, including TDI for DON, NIV and HT-2 and T-2 toxins equal to 1, 0.7 and 0.06 μg/kg of body weight, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An LC-IT-MS/MS-Based Method to Determine Trichothecenes in Grain Products

et al. 2013

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the usefulness of the ion trap mass spectrometry coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of selected trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, neosolaniol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 and T-2 toxins) in grain products. These compounds were extracted from the grain products and then cleaned up with the developed, simple and robust procedure using some mixture of neutral alumina, charcoal and diatomaceous earth. Method recovery was 88-125 % depending on combination of the analysed mycotoxins, sample matrix and the fortification level. Method precision expressed by relative standard deviation ranged from 2.6 to 27.4 %. The concentrations of the selected trichothecenes have been determined in 94 samples of cerealbased products. Maize-based next to wheat-based products were the most contaminated with deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol and HT-2 toxin. In 83 % of wheat-based products, deoxynivalenol was determined at the average level of 249 μg kg −1 . The highest concentration of deoxynivalenol-2,026 μg kg −1 (476±471 μg kg −1 on the average)-was found in the maize-based product. Other mycotoxins were found much less frequently: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol in only one sample at the concentration of 59 μg kg −1 , neosolaniol, HT-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in a few samples on average concentrations close to respective limits of quantification.

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“…However, high regional and seasonal variations have been reported, and in some cases, the content of DON-3G even exceeded that of DON (13,14). Evidence for glucosylated metabolites of NIV and type A trichothecenes has been presented as well (15)(16)(17). Such glucoconjugates of plant origin have been termed masked mycotoxins (13, 18), implying that they escape detection through …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Versatile Family 3 Glycoside Hydrolase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis Hydrolyzes β-Glucosides of the Fusarium Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol, and HT-2 Toxin in Cereal Matrices

Michlmayr

Varga

Malachová

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Infestation of cereals by phytopathogenic fungi is a global threat to the human food supply. In addition to economically devastating losses through yield and quality deterioration of agricultural products, contamination with mycotoxins poses a serious challenge for food safety (1). Among the most relevant mycotoxin producers worldwide are Fusarium species, causing Fusarium head blight disease of small-grain cereals (FHB; also known as Fusarium ear blight or scab). Trichothecene class mycotoxins inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis and are important Fusarium virulence factors. Furthermore, they can cause apoptotic cell death and immunosuppression and trigger proinflammatory responses in humans and animals (1-3). The most important groups with regard to food safety are type A (T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin [HT2]) and type B (nivalenol [NIV] and deoxynivalenol [DON]) trichothecenes (4). The type A trichothecene T-2 toxin possesses high acute toxicity and has caused fatal outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia in the last century (1). DON is the predominant trichothecene toxin produced by the Fusarium graminearum species complex and ranks among the most frequent contaminants of cereals. Although the acute toxicity of DON is lower than that of type A trichothecenes, its ubiquitous presence in Fusarium-infected cereals creates an important food safety issue (2). Acute symptoms of DON ingestion are gastroenteritis and emesis (hence, the colloquial term vomitoxin). Maximum levels for DON in cereal-based foodstuff are set in Commission Regulation 1881/2006 (5), and indicative levels are provided for the sum of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in Commission Recommendation 2013/165/EU (6) in Europe to protect consumers.The glycosylation of small molecules is a major route to inactivate endogenous and exogenous (xenobiotic) metabolites in plants (7-9). For example, formation of DON-3-O-␤-D-glucopyranoside (DON-3G) is an important factor in plant defense against FHB and has been proposed to be the molecular basis of the still-unidentified FHB1 gene (Fusarium head blight resistance quantitative trait locus) in wheat (10). DON-3G has been detected in a wide range of cereal commodities, with concentrations of about 20% relative to that of DON (11,12). However, high regional and seasonal variations have been reported, and in some cases, the content of DON-3G even exceeded that of DON (13,14). Evidence for glucosylated metabolites of NIV and type A trichothecenes has been presented as well (15)(16)(17). Such glucoconjugates of plant origin have been termed masked mycotoxins (13, 18), implying that they escape detection through

show abstract

Observation of T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin Glucosides from Fusarium sporotrichioides by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

Cited by 70 publications

References 16 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

An LC-IT-MS/MS-Based Method to Determine Trichothecenes in Grain Products

A Versatile Family 3 Glycoside Hydrolase from Bifidobacterium adolescentis Hydrolyzes β-Glucosides of the Fusarium Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol, and HT-2 Toxin in Cereal Matrices

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