Observation of the Planar Nernst Effect in Permalloy and Nickel Thin Films with In-Plane Thermal Gradients

Avery, Azure D.; Pufall, Matthew R.; Zink, B. L.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.196602

Cited by 134 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…[22][23][24][25][26] The trouble with this configuration is that, in addition to generating an ANE voltage, the out-of-plane temperature gradient can also generate a spin current through the so-called longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE), 22,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] which flows directly from the ferromagnetic (FM) into the adjacent non-magnetic metal (NM) and generates a voltage because of the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE). In order to distinguish the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) and ANE, extensive efforts [34][35][36][37] have been made to compare the voltage in different temperature gradient configurations. However, it is quite challenging to define precisely the out-of-plane temperature gradient which is established over a few nm thickness.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anomalous Nernst effect in Ir22Mn78/Co20Fe60B20/MgO layers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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The anomalous Nernst effect in a perpendicularly magnetized Ir22Mn78/Co20Fe60B20/MgO thin film is measured using well-defined in-plane temperature gradients. The anomalous Nernst coefficient reaches 1.8 μV/K at room temperature, which is almost 50 times larger than that of a Ta/Co20Fe60B20/MgO thin film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The anomalous Nernst and anomalous Hall results in different sample structures revealing that the large Nernst coefficient of the Ir22Mn78/Co20Fe60B20/MgO thin film is related to the interface between CoFeB and IrMn.

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confidence: 99%

Anomalous Nernst effect in Ir22Mn78/Co20Fe60B20/MgO layers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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“…In a thermal gradient, the temperature difference ∆T between two contacts gives rise to a thermopower V T = −S∆T with S being the material's Seebeck coefficient. Spin-dependent Seebeck coefficients have been observed in various nanomagnetic systems like thin films 10,11 , multilayers 12 , tunnel junctions [13][14][15] , and nanowires 16,17 . In the latter, magnetization reversal often occurs by the nucleation and propagation of a single magnetic domain wall (DW) enabling promising applications [18][19][20] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Domain wall magneto-Seebeck effect

Krzysteczko

Liebing

et al. 2015

Phys. Rev. B

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The interplay between charge, spin, and heat currents in magnetic nano systems subjected to a temperature gradient has lead to a variety of novel effects and promising applications studied in the fast-growing field of spincaloritronics. Here we explore the magnetothermoelectrical properties of an individual magnetic domain wall in a permalloy nanowire. In thermal gradients of the order of few K/µm along the long wire axis, we find a clear magneto-Seebeck signature due to the presence of a single domain wall. The observed domain wall magneto-Seebeck effect can be explained by the magnetization-dependent Seebeck coefficient of permalloy in combination with the local spin configuration of the domain wall.Electronic transport coefficients in ferromagnetic materials are spin-dependent 1 enabling important spintronics applications 2 . This observation also holds for magnetothermoelectric (or spincaloritronic) phenomena 3-5 , driven by thermal gradients 6-9 . In a thermal gradient, the temperature difference ∆T between two contacts gives rise to a thermopower V T = −S∆T with S being the material's Seebeck coefficient. Spin-dependent Seebeck coefficients have been observed in various nanomagnetic systems like thin films 10,11 , multilayers 12 , tunnel junctions 13-15 , and nanowires 16,17 . In the latter, magnetization reversal often occurs by the nucleation and propagation of a single magnetic domain wall (DW) enabling promising applications [18][19][20] . Also a DW can interact with a thermal gradient 21-23with prospects for thermally driven DW motion 24-27 or nanoscale magnetic heat engines 28 . However, the fundamental thermoelectrical properties of an individual magnetic DW have not been investigated yet.In our experiments we use L-shaped permalloy (Py) nanowires with a notch (see Fig. 1A and supplementary material for details). The L's corner allows a controlled nucleation of a DW while the notch allows pinning a moving DW between the electrical probes. The two probes are contacting the Py wire from the top for resistance and thermopower measurements. Two additional Pt strips located at a distance of 0.5 µm and 1.5 µm from the Py nanowire serve as resistive thermometer and heater, respectively. The magnetic behavior of the system is characterized by two-wire resistance measurements as a function of magnetic field at a DC current of 600 µA. In a first step, the magnetization of the entire wire is rotated from the longitudinal ( ) to the transversal (⊥) direction by a magnetic field applied at φ = 90• , i.e. along the y-direction (note the definition of coordinates in Fig. 1A). As expected for a system dominated by the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), the measurement shows a bell-shaped curve ( Fig. 2A) with resistance being decreased by the field of either polarity by ∆R = R − R ⊥ . We find R = 289.8 Ω at remanence and R ⊥ = 288.5 Ω at maximum transversal field and hence a two-wire AMR ratio ∆R/R ⊥ = 0.45 %. In a second step, we study the AMR contribution of a single DW. For this purpose we apply a 120 mT field...

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“…Here, the precise control of the temperature gradient is essential to identify and avoid spurious thermoelectric effects, in particular, in the transverse SSE configuration. [6][7][8][9] Using laser-heating of a yttrium-iron garnet/platinum hybrid structure in the longitudinal SSE configuration, Weiler et al reported spatially resolved measurements of both the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) and the SSE. 10 In lateral FM/normal metal (NM) structures similar to the transverse SSE geometry, the effect of local temperature gradients have only been studied using Joule heating.…”

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confidence: 99%

Space- and time-resolved Seebeck and Nernst voltages in laser-heated permalloy/gold microstructures

Bieren¹,

Brandl²,

Grundler³

et al. 2013

Applied Physics Letters

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Size-dependent transition of deformation mechanism, and nonlinear elasticity in Ni3Al nanowires Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 041902 (2013) Local magnetization profile and geometry magnetization effects in microwires as determined by magneto-optical Kerr effect J. Appl. Phys. 113, 043904 (2013) Streak spectroscopy and velocimetry of electrically exploded Ni/Al laminates J. Appl. Phys. 113, 043304 (2013) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from finite arrays of gold nano-patches J. Appl. Phys. 113, 013103 (2013) Magnetization reversal in graded anisotropy Co/Pt multilayers: A first order reversal curve study

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Observation of the Planar Nernst Effect in Permalloy and Nickel Thin Films with In-Plane Thermal Gradients

Cited by 134 publications

References 26 publications

Anomalous Nernst effect in Ir22Mn78/Co20Fe60B20/MgO layers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Anomalous Nernst effect in Ir22Mn78/Co20Fe60B20/MgO layers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Domain wall magneto-Seebeck effect

Space- and time-resolved Seebeck and Nernst voltages in laser-heated permalloy/gold microstructures

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