Observations of rapid water-level fluctuations in ice sink-hale lakes, Martin River Glacier, Alaska

Abstract

My article on mass budget terms was written to stimulate discussion so that a proper conceptual fram ework can be evolved. I believe that Dr. Glen has d efinitely contributed to this aim, and I would welcome further discussion.

JÖkulhlaups: A reassessment of floodwater flow through glaciers

“…Supraglacial outpourings of subglacially derived floodwater are a corollary of subglacial hydraulic transience [ Mathews , 1973; Roberts et al , 2000; Clarke , 2003], generated either by a temporary mechanical constriction [e.g., Reid and Clayton , 1963], a thermal boundary [ Skidmore and Sharp , 1999], or by a propagating wave of floodwater (section 3.3 and references therein). Supraglacial outbursts created during jökulhlaups emanate from a variety of outlet morphologies.…”

Differentiating Till and Debris Flow Deposits in Glacial Landscapes

“…Teller and Kehew (1995) concluded there was the potential for numerous subglacial outbursts of meltwater along the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet. This may have occurred through sudden drainage of ice sinkhole lakes via subglacial channels, as observed by Reid and Clayton (1963). Coussot and Meunier (1996) concluded that such a sudden release of large volumes of water accompanying the drainage of an ice‐dammed lake could initiate a debris flow.…”

Geomorphic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 in the Martin-Bering Rivers area, Alaska

“…Publications by the University of North Dakota parties include reports by Reid and Clayton (1963), Clayton (1964), Tuthill ( 1963), Tuthill and Laird (1964), and Reid and Callender ( 1965) . Grantz, Plafker, and Kachadoorian (1964) and Post (1965) have discussed earthquake effects in the Martin-Bering Rivers area and Remnitz and Marshall (1966) have discussed the effects of the Alaskan earthquake on the unlithified sediments of the Copper River delta to the west of the area of this report.…”

“…In 1962 several ice-walled sinkhole lakes on the Lake Charlotte lobe of the Martin River glacier were drained of water (Reid and Clayton, 1963). Four of these lake basins were empty in July of 1963, but in June 1964 two were partially filled with water.…”