Observations of second baroclinic mode internal solitary waves on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea

Yang, Yiing Jang; Fang, Y. C.; Chang, Ming‐Huei; Ramp, Steven R.; Kao, Chia Chuen; Tang, Tie-Qiao

doi:10.1029/2009jc005318

Cited by 97 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Our simulations also showed the formation of both convex and concave mode-two waves which evolved from the shoaling mode-one wave, as observed by Yang et al (2009Yang et al ( , 2010. In the simulations they were present at the depths of the observed waves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Observations of a mode-two ISW made during a pilot study for the ASIAEX experiment were reported by Yang et al (2004). Many mode-two solitary-like waves were observed at 350 m depth in a nearby region during the joint VANS/WISE experiments (Yang et al, 2009. Mode-two waves observed in the summer appear to have been generated by shoaling mode-one ISWs.…”

Section: K G Lamb and A Warn-varnas: Shoaling Internal Solitary Wavesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Convex mode-two waves were by far the most common. The mode-two waves trailed mode-one waves suggesting that they were generated via the adjustment of shoaling mode-one waves (Yang et al, 2009). Stratification and seasonal variations played a role in generation of mode-two ISWs with mode-two waves more common in winter (Yang et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a pilot program Yang et al (2004) observed a single mode-two wave in 426 m deep water. Yang et al (2009Yang et al ( , 2010 analysed mooring data obtained during the VANS/WISE program which was conducted in 2005 and 2006 in the vicinity of the ASIAEX field program. Data from a mooring deployed along the 350 m isobath was analysed and showed the occurrence of many mode-two waves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Li and Farmer (2011) reported deep basin ISW amplitudes as large as 150 m with typical values being around 50 m. In situ measurements in the deep basin by Klymak et al (2006) show ISWs with amplitudes as large as 170 m and phase speeds of 2.9 m s −1 . During the joint Variations Around the Northern South China Sea (VANS) and Windy Island Soliton Experiment (WISE) (Yang et al, 2009), ISWs with amplitudes of over 190 m and phase speeds over 3.0 m s −1 were observed . These measured amplitudes and phase speeds are among the largest observed anywhere, surpassing observed amplitudes of 90 m and phase speeds of 1.8 m s −1 in the Andaman and Sulu seas (Osborne and Burch, 1980;Apel et al, 1985).…”

Section: K G Lamb and A Warn-varnas: Shoaling Internal Solitary Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Lamb

Warn-Varnas

2015

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Abstract. The interaction of barotropic tides with LuzonStrait topography generates some of the world's largest internal solitary waves which eventually shoal and dissipate on the western side of the northern South China Sea. Twodimensional numerical simulations of the shoaling of a single internal solitary wave at the site of the Asian Seas International Acoustic Experiment (ASIAEX) have been undertaken in order to investigate the sensitivity of the shoaling process to the stratification and the underlying bathymetry and to explore the influence of rotation. The bulk of the simulations are inviscid; however, exploratory simulations using a vertical eddy-viscosity confined to a near bottom layer, along with a no-slip boundary condition, suggest that viscous effects may become important in water shallower than about 200 m. A shoaling solitary wave fissions into several waves. At depths of 200-300 m the front of the leading waves become nearly parallel to the bottom and develop a very steep back as has been observed. The leading waves are followed by waves of elevation (pedestals) that are conjugate to the waves of depression ahead and behind them. Horizontal resolutions of at least 50 m are required to simulate these well. Wave breaking was found to occur behind the second or third of the leading solitary waves, never at the back of the leading wave. Comparisons of the shoaling of waves started at depths of 1000 and 3000 m show significant differences and the shoaling waves can be significantly non-adiabatic even at depths greater than 2000 m. When waves reach a depth of 200 m, their amplitudes can be more than 50 % larger than the largest possible solitary wave at that depth. The shoaling behaviour is sensitive to the presence of small-scale features in the bathymetry: a 200 m high bump at 700 m depth can result in the generation of many mode-two waves and of higher mode waves. Sensitivity to the stratification is considered by using three stratifications based on summer observations. They primarily differ in the depth of the thermocline. The generation of mode-two waves and the behaviour of the waves in shallow water is sensitive to this depth. Rotation affects the shoaling waves by reducing the amplitude of the leading waves via the radiation of long trailing inertiagravity waves. The nonlinear-dispersive evolution of these inertia-gravity waves results in the formation of secondary mode-one wave packets.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: K G Lamb and A Warn-varnas: Shoaling Internal Solitary Wavesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: K G Lamb and A Warn-varnas: Shoaling Internal Solitary Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Lamb

Warn-Varnas

2015

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Density stratification influences on generation of different modes internal solitary waves

et al. 2014

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An ideal tide-topography interaction model is utilized for studying the influence of density stratification (pycnocline depth d, thickness d, and the density difference Dq a across the pycnocline) on nonlinear disintegration of the first (mode-1) and second (mode-2) baroclinic mode internal tides into internal solitary waves (ISWs). The solution methods include weakly nonlinear analysis and fully nonlinear simulation. It is found that as d increases, even though the energy flux into mode-1 internal tides is always larger than that into mode-2 ones at generation, mode-2 ISWs emerge and mode-1 ISWs are suppressed. As d increases, the total energy conversion and the fluxes into both mode-1 and mode-2 tides all increase first and then decrease. During propagation, a thick pycnocline is actually not favorable for the emergence of mode-2 ISWs, and the simulated well-developed mode-2 ISWs for a pycnocline of intermediate thickness are due to the tide generation process. As Dq a increases, the total conversion and the fluxes into both mode-1 and mode-2 tides all increase almost linearly. Even though the flux into mode-1 tides is always larger than that into mode-2 ones at generation, mode-1 tides cannot disintegrate but mode-2 ISWs develop very well. During propagation, Dq a has no influence on the generation of ISWs. The present work systematically investigates the influence of density stratification on formation of ISWs by considering both internal tide generation and propagation processes.

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Mode 2 Internal Waves in the Ocean: Evidences from Observations

Serebryany

2018

The Ocean in Motion

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Observations of second baroclinic mode internal solitary waves on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea

Cited by 97 publications

References 60 publications

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of shoaling internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea

Density stratification influences on generation of different modes internal solitary waves

Mode 2 Internal Waves in the Ocean: Evidences from Observations

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