Observations on the ultrastructure of extrusomes in the hypotrichous ciliate<i>Architricha indica</i>(Protist, Ciliophora)

Zhang, Xiaocui; Lin-ying, Yang; Wang, Yiwen; Ni, Bing; Al‐Farraj, Saleh A.; Fan, Xinpeng; Gu, Fangyi

doi:10.1080/19768354.2014.906500

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…; Zhang et al. ). The globular extrusomes of P. variabilis have a heterogeneous content similar to that of the “typical” (type 3) and cup‐shaped mucocysts (type 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In the Hypotrichia, five types of extrusomes have been reported, although information on their ultrastructure is limited and can be summarized as follows: (1) trichocyst‐like extrusomes with four different electron‐dense parts (cap, tip, body, and central shaft), for example, in Pseudourostyla nova , P. cristata , and Anteholosticha monilata (Zhang et al. , ; Zhou et al. ); (2) pigmentocysts, which are globular and always contain a very electron‐dense “core”, for example, in Pseudokeronopsis carnea (Wirnsberger and Hausmann ); (3) typical mucocysts, which are composed of two parts (tip and body) with different electron‐dense crystal material, for example, in Urostyla grandis (Zhang et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Integrative Investigation of Parabistichella variabilis (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Including Its General Morphology, Ultrastructure, Ontogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny

Dong

Chen

Liu

et al. 2020

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Hypotrichs are a highly differentiated and very diverse group of ciliated protists. Their systematics and taxonomy are challenging and call for detailed investigations on their general morphology, ultrastructure, ontogenesis, and molecular phylogeny. Here, a comprehensive study is conducted on a brackish water population of Parabistichella variabilis using light and electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence data. Its morphology, including the infraciliature, pellicle, nuclei, buccal seal, and extrusomes, is documented. The present findings indicate that in P. variabilis: (i) the cortical granules are extrusomes, which differ from those of other hypotrichs; (ii) the buccal seal is bounded by the plasma membrane and contains a single layer of longitudinal microtubules; (iii) two contractile vacuoles might be present rather than one; and (iv) the pharyngeal disks are bounded by a single membrane. Early‐to‐middle stages of ontogenesis are described for the first time, enabling the complete characterization of this process. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that Parabistichella variabilis is closely related to several species from different genera, such as Orthoamphisiella breviseries, Uroleptoides magnigranulosus, and Tachysoma pellionellum. However, ultrastructural and gene sequence data for more taxa are needed in order to resolve the systematics of Parabistichella.

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“…; Zhang et al. ). The globular extrusomes of P. variabilis have a heterogeneous content similar to that of the “typical” (type 3) and cup‐shaped mucocysts (type 5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Integrative Investigation of Parabistichella variabilis (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Including Its General Morphology, Ultrastructure, Ontogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny

Dong

Chen

Liu

et al. 2020

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…EVs are diverse, distinct membrane-bound structures that are formed and discharged as instruments of structural re-organization, stress response and survival among protozoa (Zhang et al, 2014 ). The release of EVs occurs either through direct budding from cell membranes (ectocytosis) or through the release of preformed vesicles from cellular compartments (exocytosis) (Sadallah et al, 2010 ).…”

Section: Ppevs: Formation Characterization and Subcellular Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perils and Promises of Pathogenic Protozoan Extracellular Vesicles

Olajide

Cai

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures formed during biological processes in living organisms. For protozoan parasites, secretion of EVs can occur directly from the parasite organellar compartments and through parasite-infected or antigen-stimulated host cells in response to in vitro and in vivo physiological stressors. These secreted EVs characteristically reflect the biochemical features of their parasitic origin and activating stimuli. Here, we review the species-specific morphology and integrity of parasitic protozoan EVs in concurrence with the origin, functions, and internalization process by recipient cells. The activating stimuli for the secretion of EVs in pathogenic protozoa are discoursed alongside their biomolecules and specific immune cell responses to protozoan parasite-derived EVs. We also present some insights on the intricate functions of EVs in the context of protozoan parasitism.

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“…Cortical granules widely distribute in the cortex of soft hypotrichous ciliates and some of them are confirmed to be extrusomes [1][2][3][4]8,[71][72][73][74][75] . Hitherto, four types of extrusomes: trichocysts-like extrusomes (e.g., in Pseudourostyla cristata (Jerka-Dziadosz, 1964) Borror, 1972), mucocysts (e.g., in Urostyla grandis Ehrenberg, 1830), pigmentocysts (e.g., in Pseudokeronopsis carnea Cohn, 1866), and cup-shaped extrusomes (e.g., in Oxytricha granulifera Foissner & Adam, 1983) have been documented for hypotrichs 57,[73][74][75][76] . The cortical granules in Lamtostyla gui are membrane-bounded structures, thus, are potential extrusomes 77 .…”

Section: Morphogenetic Comparison With Related Taxa the Most Importamentioning

confidence: 99%

Documentation of a new hypotrich species in the family Amphisiellidae, Lamtostyla gui n. sp. (Protista, Ciliophora) using a multidisciplinary approach

Liao

Gong

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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An integrated approach considering both morphologic and molecular data is now required to improve biodiversity estimations and provide more robust systematics interpretations in hypotrichs, a highly differentiated group of ciliates. In present study, we document a new hypotrich species, Lamtostyla gui n. sp., collected from chongming wetland, Shanghai, china, based on investigations using living observation, protargol staining, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and gene sequencing. the new species is mainly recognized by having a short amphisiellid median cirral row composed of four cirri, three frontoventral cirri, three dorsal kinetids, four to eight macronuclear nodules, and small colorless cortical granules distributed as rosettes around dorsal bristles. transmission electron microscope observation finds the associated microtubules of cirri and pharyngeal discs of L. gui are distinct from those in other hypotrichs. Morphogenesis of this species indicates that parental adoral membranelles retained intact or partial renewed is a potential feature to separate Lamtostyla granulifera-group and Lamtostyla lamottei-group. phylogenetic analysis based on small subunit ribosomal RnA (rRnA) gene shows that this molecular marker is not useful to resolve phylogenetic relationships of the genus Lamtostyla, as well as many other hypotrichous taxa. We additionally characterize the internal transcribed spacers (itS) region and the almost complete large subunit rRnA, which will be essential for future studies aimed at solving phylogenetic problems of Lamtostyla, or even the family Amphisiellidae. As a final remark, the critical screening of GenBank using itS genes of our organism allows us to recognize a large amount of hypotrichous sequences have been misclassified as fungi. This observation suggests that hypotrichs could be frequently found in fungi-rich environment and overlooked by fungal specialists.

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Observations on the ultrastructure of extrusomes in the hypotrichous ciliateArchitricha indica(Protist, Ciliophora)

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

An Integrative Investigation of Parabistichella variabilis (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Including Its General Morphology, Ultrastructure, Ontogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny

An Integrative Investigation of Parabistichella variabilis (Protista, Ciliophora, Hypotrichia) Including Its General Morphology, Ultrastructure, Ontogenesis, and Molecular Phylogeny

Perils and Promises of Pathogenic Protozoan Extracellular Vesicles

Documentation of a new hypotrich species in the family Amphisiellidae, Lamtostyla gui n. sp. (Protista, Ciliophora) using a multidisciplinary approach

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