Observing eruptions of gas-rich compressible magmas from space

McCormick, Brendan; Edmonds, Marie; Biggs, Juliet

doi:10.1038/ncomms13744

Cited by 82 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Determining the crustal-scale architecture of magma plumbing systems is essential for understanding subvolcanic processes, such as crystallization, magma mixing, mush formation, and assimilation, as well as recognizing critical pre-eruptive warning signs in volcano monitoring data. Before and during eruptions, magma storage depths can be inferred from geophysical and geochemical observations at the Earth's surface, including ground deformation (Amelung et al, 2000;Biggs et al, 2009;Hooper et al, 2004;Ofeigsson et al, 2011), seismic activity (Aspinall et al, 1998;Davidge et al, 2017;Gudmundsson et al, 1994), and gas emissions (Burton et al, 2007;McCormick Kilbride et al, 2016). Following eruptions, storage depth estimates can be obtained from petrological analyses of erupted material, through the application of experimentally calibrated geobarometers (Putirka, 2008;Ridolfi et al, 2010;Yang et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Petrological and Geophysical Constraints on Magma System Architecture in the Western Galápagos Archipelago: Insights From Wolf Volcano

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Bagnardi

Neave

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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The 2015 eruption of Wolf volcano was one of the largest eruptions in the Galápagos Islands since the onset of routine satellite‐based volcano monitoring. It therefore provides an excellent opportunity to combine geophysical and petrological data, to place detailed constraints on the architecture and dynamics of subvolcanic systems in the western archipelago. We present new geodetic models that show that pre‐eruptive inflation at Wolf was caused by magma accumulation in a shallow flat‐topped reservoir at ~1.1 km, whereas edifice‐scale deformation during the eruption was related to a deflationary source at 6.1–8.8 km. Petrological observations suggest that the erupted material was derived from both a subvolcanic mush and a liquid‐rich magma body. Using a combination of olivine‐plagioclase‐augite‐melt (OPAM) and clinopyroxene‐melt barometry, we show that the majority of magma equilibration, crystallization, and mush entrainment occurred at a depth equal to or greater than the deep geodetic source, with little petrological evidence of material sourced from shallower levels. Hence, our multidisciplinary study does not support a fully transcrustal magmatic system beneath Wolf volcano before the 2015 eruption but instead indicates two discrete storage regions, with a small magma lens at shallow levels and the major zone of magma storage in the lower crust, from which most of the erupted material was sourced. A predominance of lower crustal magma storage has previously been thought typical of subvolcanic systems in the eastern Galápagos Archipelago, but our new data suggest that this may also occur beneath the more active volcanoes of the western archipelago.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Petrological and Geophysical Constraints on Magma System Architecture in the Western Galápagos Archipelago: Insights From Wolf Volcano

Stock

Bagnardi

Neave

et al. 2018

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…b Model fit over the observation period (Burgisser et al 2015). Across an appropriate range (10-1000 MPa) of crustal pressures, we calculate the amount and composition of exsolved gas and consequent bulk magma density (similar to the approach adopted in McCormick Kilbride et al (2016)). The model outputs can be used to calculate co-eruptive volume change and SO 2 emissions, which we compared to the observed co-eruptive InSAR-derived volume change and SO 2 emissions reported by Goitom et al (2015) and Theys et al (2013), respectively.…”

Section: Outgassingmentioning

confidence: 99%

What causes subsidence following the 2011 eruption at Nabro (Eritrea)?

Hamlyn¹,

Wright

Walters

et al. 2018

Prog Earth Planet Sci

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A major goal in volcanology is to be able to constrain the physical properties of a volcanic system using surface observations. The behaviour of a volcanic system following an eruption can provide powerful constraints on these properties and can provide valuable information for understanding future hazard. We use spatially and temporally dense observations of surface deformation following the 12 June 2011 eruption of Nabro (Eritrea) to place constraints on the mechanics of its subsurface volcanic system. Nabro was imaged 129 times by TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed satellites during a 15-month period following the eruption. We have produced a detailed time series of the line-of-sight (LOS) displacements at Nabro, finding that the volcano subsides during the entire observation period at a decaying rate. We found significant atmospheric artefacts remained in the data set after a standard spatio-temporal filter was applied. Applying an empirical correction using a linear phase-elevation relationship removed artefacts but also removed real topographically correlated deformation. Instead, we were able to correct each SAR acquisition using independent delay estimates derived from the ECMWF ERA-Interim (ERA-I) global atmospheric model. The corrected time series can be modelled with the deflation of a Mogi source at ∼ 6.4 ± 0.3 km depth. Modelling the time series using viscoelastic relaxation of a shell which surrounds a spherical magma chamber can explain the observed subsidence without a source of further volume loss if the magma is compressible. CO 2 outgassing is also a possible cause of continued subsidence. Contraction due to cooling and crystallisation, however, is probably minor. If any post-eruptive recharge of the magmatic system at Nabro is occurring, the rate of recharge must be slower than the post-eruptive relaxation processes. Combined with the lack of pre-eruptive inflation, we suggest that recharge of the magmatic system at Nabro either occurs at a rate that is slower than our detection limit, or it occurs episodically. This case study demonstrates the power of long, dense geodetic time series at volcanoes.

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“…We acknowledge that additional physical processes and parameters not considered here will govern the input/output of magma flux in the system. These parameters include but are not limited to permeability in the shallow crust (Christenson et al, ; Gaunt et al, ; Girona et al, ), compressibility of the magmatic system (e.g., Johnson, ; McCormick‐Kilbride et al, ; Rivalta & Segall, ), transcrustal magma systems (Christopher et al, ; Rae et al, ; Sparks & Cashman, ), and crystal mush instabilities (Burgisser & Bergantz, ; Michioka & Sumita, ; Tait & Jaupart, ). These parameters are no less important to the evolution of a magma reservoir.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Conceptual Models to Relate Multiparameter Satellite Data to Subsurface Volcanic Processes in Latin America

Reath

Pritchard

Biggs

et al. 2020

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Satellite data have been extensively used to identify volcanic behavior. However, the physical subsurface processes causing any individual manifestation of activity can be ambiguous. We propose a classification scheme for the cause of unrest that simultaneously considers three multiparameter satellite observations. The scheme is based on characteristics of the volcanic system (open, closed, and eruptive) and unrest mechanisms (intrusion, evolution, and withdrawal) occurring at shallow depths in the volcanic system. We applied these models to satellite observations acquired at 47 of the most active volcanoes in Latin America. Of the volcanoes studied, 44 had a robust enough dataset for classification and were clustered into 4 groups and 10 subgroups with common behavioral characteristics. By identifying that these volcanoes can be clustered into a number of groupings significantly less than the number of volcanoes, we have demonstrated that commonalities in behavior patterns exist among diverse volcanic systems. Identifying volcanoes with similar characteristics underpins the use of past observations at one volcano to forecast activity at another and diverges from typical volcanic groupings, which are focused on geologic parameters (i.e., composition, volcano type, and tectonic setting). Based on satellite data alone, we have identified preeruptive intrusion prior to 15 eruptions at 12 different volcanoes, magma evolution prior to 18 eruptions at 13 volcanoes, and magma withdrawal at 3 eruptions and 3 volcanoes. Improvements to the spatial and temporal resolution are needed to make these relations robust. This classification scheme provides a framework for future automated clustering of volcanoes.

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Observing eruptions of gas-rich compressible magmas from space

Cited by 82 publications

References 67 publications

Integrated Petrological and Geophysical Constraints on Magma System Architecture in the Western Galápagos Archipelago: Insights From Wolf Volcano

Integrated Petrological and Geophysical Constraints on Magma System Architecture in the Western Galápagos Archipelago: Insights From Wolf Volcano

What causes subsidence following the 2011 eruption at Nabro (Eritrea)?

Using Conceptual Models to Relate Multiparameter Satellite Data to Subsurface Volcanic Processes in Latin America

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