Obstetric complications in bipolar disorder: Psychiatric factors and the risk of caesarean section

Assessment of Cesarean Delivery and Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders in the Children of a Population-Based Swedish Birth Cohort

“…Familial factors were suggested to explain the observed associations between CD and neurodevelopmental outcomes. [16][17][18][19] To explore the origin of familial liability, we enriched our quasiexperimental family design by adding half-sibling and cousin comparisons, which by design could control for shared factors in the extended families. [36][37][38] If the familial liability were due to the shared environment, the magnitude of the associations should differ between paternal and maternal half siblings, because they share equivalent genetic factors, but maternal half siblings tend to share more family environment than paternal half siblings, because children usually reside with mothers if the parents are separated.…”

“…[40][41][42][43] although the evidence of these effects is inconclusive. 16,19,[44][45][46][47][48][49] Third, generalizability may be a concern, because the CD rate varies greatly between countries. 50 Our findings may only be generalizable to countries with similar settings where most CDs are performed in the presence of medical indications.…”

“…Previous studies have suggested that the described associations between CD and ASD or ADHD may not be causal but due to familial confounding. [16][17][18][19] Furthermore, a potential genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and the likelihood of delivering via CD has been suggested, 20,21 indicating that CD may reflect the child's genetic predisposition to develop psychiatric disorders rather than being a causal risk factor. In this longitudinal, population-based cohort study, we aimed to thoroughly examine the association between planned or intrapartum CD and risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in children.…”

Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Treatment during Pregnancy: A Case Series

“…Another issue that emerges from this study is that a caesarian section was performed in 66.6% of the patients (eight patients over 12 deliveries). Studies on oral antipsychotic use in pregnancy showed a higher risk for caesarian section [ 18 ]. Sydsjö et al reported that the burden of psychiatric illnesses was significantly higher in women giving birth by caesarean section on maternal request (10 versus 3.5%, p < 0.001), and in another research, women with bipolar disorders treated with lithium plus antidepressant and without other obstetric complications had a 70.5% probability of C-Section [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Role of Maternal Microbiota and Nutrition in Early-Life Neurodevelopmental Disorders

“…However, causality has not yet been confirmed, as confounding factors should be taken into account, including familial factors [ 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 ], and that emergency C-Section is often the result of pregnancy (e.g., preeclampsia and gestational diabetes) and/or birth (e.g., fetal distress, dystocia, and failed induction) complications, which could also affect brain development. In addition, there is a potential genetic overlap between psychiatric disorders and the likelihood of delivery by C-section [ 89 , 90 ].…”