Obstetric outcomes in women with elevated maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin

Second trimester serum alpha-fetoprotein level is a significant positive predictor for intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum

“…Besides, the relationship between obstetric complications and elevated hCG levels was not confirmed in two other studies (10,24). In another study, preterm delivery, preeclampsia and large for gestational age were found to be associated with only hCG levels of 3 MoM and the authors concluded that increased fetal surveillance is not warranted with lower values (25). Consistent with our results, a low uE3 level was suggested as an independent risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome and is particularly associated with preeclampsia, in conjunction with IUGR, SGA, oligohydramnios, preterm delivery and stillbirth (9,12,26).…”

RETIRED: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

“…** Subfertility and its treatment (especially the use of donor eggs, sperm and/or gametes), after correction for multiple gestations. *** Decreased first trimester PAPP-A (pregnancy-associated plasma protein A) 65th centile [141], decreased first or second trimester PlGF (placental growth factor) [154][155][156], unexplained increased second trimester AFP (alphafetoprotein) [142][143][144][145][146][147], increased second trimester hCG [145][146][147][148], increased first or second trimester inhibin A [144,[149][150][151][152], increased second trimester activin. [153].…”

Clinical Applications of Biomarkers in Preeclampsia

“…Raised levels of HCG [50], NGAL [51], TNF-R1 [52], complement activation product B [53], triglycerides [54], low levels of SP-1 [17], human placental lactogen [23], SL-selectin [55], ApoB [56], PAPP-A [39], TGF-β1 [57], PAI-2 [40] and IGFBP-1 [58] have been correlated to subsequent development of preeclampsia, but lack of, or conflicting test performance data, negates their use. Endothelin-1 ↑ 96.8 51 ND [28] P-selectin ↑ 80 91 ND [29] PAPP-A ↓ 11-23 ND ND [30] NGAL ↑ ND ND 0.75 [31] S-Eng ↑ 63 57 ND [32] Inhibin A ↑ 16-35 ND ND [33] Activin A ↑ 20 ND 0.59 [33,34] MMP-9 ↑ ND ND 0.61 [35] Combinations PlGF + PP13 NA 54 ND ND [36] PP13 + UA Doppler NA 90 90 ND [37] UA …”