Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk and Stroke among Blacks with Metabolic Syndrome: Results from Metabolic Syndrome Outcome (MetSO) Registry

Obesity Pillars Roundtable: Body mass index and body composition in Black and Female individuals. Race-relevant or racist? Sex-relevant or sexist?

“…The burden of OSA symptoms is higher among African Americans, possibly related to increased rates of obesity [ 63 ]. Black individuals with OSA and metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of stroke [ 64 ]. While males are at increased risk for OSA compared to females, the consequences of OSA are at least the same, if not worse in female individuals for comparable degrees of OSA severity [ 65 ].…”

Genome-wide association analysis of metabolic syndrome quantitative traits in the GENNID multiethnic family study

“…The National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP) III criteria [ 3 ], typically used in the United States for clinical diagnosis, defines MetS as the presence of at least three of five risk factors: elevated systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), elevated triglycerides (TG), decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, elevated fasting glucose, and abdominal obesity [ 1 , 3 ]. Due to the clustering of these characteristics [ 4 , 5 ], individuals with MetS are at risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as stroke and diabetes [ 6 – 10 ]. Moreover, in several US-based studies of families [ 11 – 15 ], MetS quantitative and multivariate factor traits are highly heritable with about half of the variation between subjects explained by genetics in families of European descent [ 14 , 15 ] and particularly for obesity and lipid-related traits in families of African Americans [ 12 , 14 ], Mexican Americans [ 13 ] and Japanese Americans [ 11 ].…”