Occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

Stam, Rianne

doi:10.2486/indhealth.2021-0129

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…It was calibrated at a frequency of 2.45 GHZ in the range from 1 to 10 mW cm 2 . The greater value is twice the safety limit for continuous whole-body exposure [44,45]. Exceeding this limit can be dangerous to human health [46,47].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and experimental analysis of radiation from a microwave plasma source of the TIAGO type

Nowakowska

Czylkowski

Hrycak

et al. 2021

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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Unshielded microwave plasma sources radiate electromagnetic energy into space, which reduces the energy that can be used for plasma generation, contributes to discharge instability and is detrimental to laboratory personnel and equipment. We perform numerical analysis of radiation from a TIAGO torch, operating at 2.45 GHz, in which the plasma is generated at atmospheric pressure in the form of a flame at the tip of a metal nozzle. The analysis is carried out by solving the vector wave equation as for the antenna, with the assumption of axial symmetry and homogeneous electron density in the range of 1020–1022 m−3. We determine 2D electric field distributions inside a radiation sphere and radiation patterns for an unshielded torch and for a torch with shielding tubes with radii up to 100 mm and heights up to 200 mm. We also investigate the effect of the electron density, the tube height and radius on the reflected wave power, power absorbed in the plasma, radiated power and power entering the discharge. The results show that a tube of 25 mm radius (smaller than the cut-off radius) shields radiation very well, while the ratio of the radiated power to the entering power can achieve 85% for the unshielded torch and over 95% for a tube of 55 mm radius. In the experiment, we found that the powers required to ignite the discharge and to sustain it are about 80% greater and the plasma length is much shorter for a 55 mm radius tube than for a 25 mm radius tube, which we explain by the difference in the radiated power. The power density at a distance of 500 mm from the plasma with the entering power of 650 W depends on the direction and can exceed the permissible values several times. These results are consistent with calculations and indicate the need for appropriate shielding of the discharge.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and experimental analysis of radiation from a microwave plasma source of the TIAGO type

Nowakowska

Czylkowski

Hrycak

et al. 2021

Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.

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“…Hence, in the next step, we take a closer look into the influence of the actual working procedure. To recapture, during working hours, permitted exposures are two to five times higher for workers as for the general public with thresholds to be exhausted [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Being exposed so closely to maximum permissible action levels, it becomes important to numerically assess EMF exposures against exposure limit values as one means of mitigation.…”

Section: Occupational and General Public Exposure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields—Different from General Public Exposure and Laboratory Studies

Hansson Mild,

Mattsson,

Jeschke

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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The designs of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies do not adequately reflect the characteristics of long-term occupational EMF exposure; the higher exposure levels permitted for employees are nevertheless extrapolated on this basis. Epidemiological studies consider occupational exposure only in a very general way, if at all. There is a lack of detailed descriptive data on long-term occupational exposure over the duration of the working life. Most studies reflect exposure characteristics of the general population, exposures which are long-term, but at a comparably low level. Occupational exposure is often intermittent with high peak power followed by periods with no exposure. Furthermore, the EU EMF-Directive 2013/35/EU states a demand for occupational health surveillance, the outcome of which would be of great help to epidemiologists studying the health effects of EMF exposure. This paper thus aims to outline and specify differences between public and occupational exposure and to increase the understanding of specific aspects of occupational exposure which are important for long-term health considerations. This could lead to a future protection concept against possible hazards based on adequate descriptions of long-term exposures and also include supplementary descriptive features such as a “reset time” of biological systems and accurate dose quantities.

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“…These metrics are designed to protect public health and ensure that exposure levels remain within safe limits. Above 10 MHz, the effects of EMFs are primarily related to tissue heating resulting from prolonged exposure, and specific metrics are used to address this thermal effect [6][7][8]. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a key metric used to assess the rate at which RF energy is absorbed by body tissues when exposed to EMFs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exposimetric Electromagnetic Comparison of Mobile Phone Emissions: 5G versus 4G Signals Analyses by Means of Statistics and Convolutional Neural Networks Classification

Miclaus,

Deaconescu,

Vatamanu

et al. 2023

Technologies

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To gain a deeper understanding of the hotly contested topic of the non-thermal biological effects of microwaves, new metrics and methodologies need to be adopted. The direction proposed in the current work, which includes peak exposure analysis and not just time-averaged analysis, aligns well with this objective. The proposed methodology is not intended to facilitate a comparison of the general characteristics between 4G and 5G mobile communication signals. Instead, its purpose is to provide a means for analyzing specific real-life exposure conditions that may vary based on multiple parameters. A differentiation based on amplitude-time features of the 4G versus 5G signals is followed, with the aim of describing the peculiarities of a user’s exposure when he runs four types of mobile applications on his mobile phone on either of the two mobile networks. To achieve the goals, we used signal and spectrum analyzers with adequate real-time analysis bandwidths and statistical descriptions provided by the amplitude probability density (APD) function, the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), channel power measurements, and recorded spectrogram databases. We compared the exposimetric descriptors of emissions specific to file download, file upload, Internet video streaming, and video call usage in both 4G and 5G networks based on the specific modulation and coding schemes. The highest and lowest electric field strengths measured in the air at a 10 cm distance from the phone during emissions are indicated. The power distribution functions with the highest prevalence are highlighted and commented on. Afterwards, the capability of a convolutional neural network that belongs to the family of single-shot detectors is proven to recognize and classify the emissions with a very high degree of accuracy, enabling traceability of the dynamics of human exposure.

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Occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

Cited by 14 publications

References 65 publications

Numerical and experimental analysis of radiation from a microwave plasma source of the TIAGO type

Numerical and experimental analysis of radiation from a microwave plasma source of the TIAGO type

Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields—Different from General Public Exposure and Laboratory Studies

An Exposimetric Electromagnetic Comparison of Mobile Phone Emissions: 5G versus 4G Signals Analyses by Means of Statistics and Convolutional Neural Networks Classification

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