Occupational risk factors for brain tumors: results from a population-based case-control study in Germany

Schlehofer, Brigitte; Kunze, Stefan; Sachsenheimer, W.; Blettner, Maria; Niehoff, Dorothea; Wahrendorf, Jürgen

doi:10.1007/bf00117472

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In line with other studies (McLaughlin et al, 1995;Brownson et al, 1990;Schlehofer et al, 1990;Hunter et al, 1990), we found no association between smoking and cancers of the brain and nervous system, thyroid or skin, or malignant melanoma.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Cancer incidence in female smokers: A 26-year follow-up

1997

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A random sample of 26,000 Swedish women who were asked about their smoking habits in the early 1960s have now been followed for 26 years with respect to cancer incidence. Most findings regarding tobacco smoking and cancer from studies of men were confirmed also among the women. Elevated relative risk for current smokers compared with women who never smoked regularly were seen for cancers of the lung, upper aerodigestive sites, pancreas, bladder, cervix and all cancers combined, as well as a notably high relative risk for cancers of organs of the urinary tract other than kidney and bladder. Relative risk increased with dose, measured as grams of tobacco smoked per day, for cancers of the upper aerodigestive sites, lung, cervix, bladder, organs of the urinary tract other than kidney and bladder and all cancers combined. For cancers of the lung, bladder and cervix, there was an inverse relationship with age when starting to smoke tobacco. The reported inverse relationship between smoking and endometrial cancer could not be corroborated, nor was there any significant relationship between smoking and colorectal or breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer73:625–628. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Cancer incidence in female smokers: A 26-year follow-up

1997

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“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] However, these were case-control studies, which are susceptible to selection and recall bias. In the only other prospective study to date, Efird et al 22 analyzed data from a prospective cohort in California (130 incident cases) and, similar to our findings, they observed a 40% increase in risk for ever versus never smokers (95% CI 5 1.0-2.1) and a 2-fold increase in risk of glioma among study participants who reported smoking greater than 2 packs per day compared with never smokers; the association between smoking and risk did not differ by type of cigarette (e.g., filtered versus unfiltered, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7 The epidemiologic literature regarding cigarette smoking and brain cancer risk is based primarily on case-control studies, all of which have found no association with ever smoking. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] A recent cohort study by Efird et al, 22 however, observed an increased risk of glioma in those who reported smoking greater than 2 packs of cigarettes per day. Given the limited data from prospective studies, we examined the association between smoking history and glioma risk in a cohort of Canadian women.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking and risk of glioma: A prospective cohort study

Silvera¹,

Miller²,

Rohan³

2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The etiology of glioma, the most commonly diagnosed malignant brain tumor among adults in the United States, is poorly understood. N-nitroso compounds are known carcinogens, which are found in cigarette smoke and can induce gliomas in rats. On this basis, it has been hypothesized that cigarette smoking may be associated with an increased risk of glioma. We investigated the association between cigarette smoking and glioma risk in the National Breast Screening Study, which included 89,835 Canadian women aged 40-59 years at recruitment between 1980 and 1985. Linkages to national cancer and mortality databases yielded data on cancer incidence and deaths from all causes, respectively, with follow-up ending between 1998 and 2000. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between cigarette smoking and risk of glioma. During a mean of 16.4 years of follow-up, we observed 120 incident glioma cases. Among ever smokers, women who reported having quit smoking had a 51% increase in risk of glioma compared with never smokers (HR 5 1.51, 95% CI 5 0.97-2.34), while current smokers did not appear to have an increase in risk. When the association with former smokers was further examined by years since quitting, women who had quit smoking >10 years before baseline were at a decreased risk of glioma compared with women who had quit within the 10 years prior to baseline (HR 5 0.55, 95% CI 5 0.29-1.07), indicating that the association between former smokers and glioma may be driven by women, who recently quit smoking. Compared with nonsmokers, duration of cigarette smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day and pack-years of smoking were associated with increased glioma risk, although the increases in risk were relatively modest. The present study provides some support for a positive association between cigarette smoking and risk of glioma. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: brain neoplasms; glioma; cohort; smoking Gliomas, which arise from neuroepithelial cells, are one of the 2 main histopathological types of brain tumor. 1 The etiology of glioma, the most commonly diagnosed malignant brain tumor among adults in the United States, 1,2 is not well understood. Indeed, there are few well-established risk factors for glioma beyond ionizing radiation, 1,3 male gender, 1 and possibly reproductive and menstrual factors. 4 In addition, it has been hypothesized that cigarette smoking may be involved in the etiology of glioma, 5 based on evidence that N-nitroso compounds, such as those found in cigarette smoke, have been shown to induce glioma in rats when administered intravenously. 6,7 The epidemiologic literature regarding cigarette smoking and brain cancer risk is based primarily on case-control studies, all of which have found no association with ever smoking. 8-21 A recent cohort study by Efird et al., 22 however, observed an increased risk of glioma in those who reported smoking greater than 2 packs of cigarettes per day. Given the limited data from...

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“…They also noted that any time-space aggregate of disease could be defined so as to produce an elevated cancer rate in any cluster and provided a brief discussion about how they avoided this pitfall. Schlehofer et al [1990] did a case-control study of the occupational risk factors for brain tumors (1987)(1988) in a region of the Federal Republic of Germany that then contained 1.3 million inhabitants. Ninety-nine males and 127 females with brain tumors were selected from two local neurosurgical clinics.…”

Section: Occupational or Environmental Exposures And Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio frequency electromagnetic fields: Cancer, mutagenesis, and genotoxicity

Heynick

Johnston²,

Mason

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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We present critiques of epidemiologic studies and experimental investigations, published mostly in peer‐reviewed journals, on cancer and related effects from exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic fields in the nominal frequency range of 3 kHz to 300 GHz of interest to Subcommittee 4 (SC4) of the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES). The major topics discussed are presented under the headings Epidemiologic and Other Findings on Human Exposure, Mammals Exposed In Vivo, Mammalian Live Tissues and Cell Preparations Exposed In Vitro, and Mutagenesis and Genotoxicity in Microorganisms and Fruit Flies. Under each major topic, we present minireviews of papers on various specific endpoints investigated. The section on Epidemiologic and Other Findings on Human Exposure is divided into two subsections, the first on possible carcinogenic effects of exposure from emitters not in physical contact with the populations studied, for example, transmitting antennas and other devices. Discussed in the second subsection are studies of postulated carcinogenic effects from use of mobile phones, with prominence given to brain tumors from use of cellular and cordless telephones in direct physical contact with an ear of each subject. In both subsections, some investigations yielded positive findings, others had negative findings, including papers directed toward experimentally verifying positive findings, and both were reported in a few instances. Further research on various important aspects may resolve such differences. Overall, however, the preponderance of published epidemiologic and experimental findings do not support the supposition that in vivo or in vitro exposures to such fields are carcinogenic. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S74–S100, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Occupational risk factors for brain tumors: results from a population-based case-control study in Germany

Cited by 49 publications

References 23 publications

Cancer incidence in female smokers: A 26-year follow-up

Cancer incidence in female smokers: A 26-year follow-up

Cigarette smoking and risk of glioma: A prospective cohort study

Radio frequency electromagnetic fields: Cancer, mutagenesis, and genotoxicity

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