Occupying Syria under the French Mandate

Neep, Daniel

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511686856

Cited by 119 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Though hygiene had also been integral to urban planning in the late Ottoman period, it had not been an area of political control as it was under the French. 93 The French mission was made easier by the Hygiene was also a tenet of the discourse on domesticity, which spread internationally during the interwar period via both state and nonstate actors. Along with taste, hygiene was another field used by the urban elite to distinguish themselves from the poor.…”

Section: Hygiene Class and Urban Consumerismmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Farm to Table: The Foodways Connection Between Rural and Urban Women in Syria After World War I

2019

Mashriq & Mahjar

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Syrian rural poor and urban women experienced the rupture of World War I in vastly different ways, but they were linked across class and region through the country's foodways. Due to economic instability, more rural women were forced into agricultural labor. The food crops they produced were in turn served by women across the country to their families. Though their burden was not comparable to that of agricultural laborers, middle-class Syrian women were also faced with greater responsibilities in the postwar era. A new emphasis was placed on the centrality of the mother in the life of her children. Women were urged to refrain from pursuing employment and entertainment in the public sphere in favor of staying home, caring for children, and preparing family meals. The use of domestic help and wet nurses, which had been common among families of means, was discouraged. While men were viewed as the frontline force in building the modern nation and its economy, women's domestic and paid labor became even more marginalized in the national narrative. It is by looking behind closed doors and at the production of food that women's roles in nurturing the nation can be told.

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Section: Hygiene Class and Urban Consumerismmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Farm to Table: The Foodways Connection Between Rural and Urban Women in Syria After World War I

2019

Mashriq & Mahjar

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“…British authority was then solidified by importing and empowering a Sunni monarchy ejected from Syria by a French regime keen to offer the Druze and Alawite Shi'a 'administrative autonomy in an attempt to induce a strain of separatism' that would render its mandate easier to manage. 45 Iraqi Sunnis were similarly given the governance of all but one of the country's then 14 provinces, filling 52 of 57 cabinet appointments made before 1936. 46 This presented an acute problem for the Coalition's attempts to find Iraqis with which to govern.…”

Section: Sectarianism Occupation and Ancient Hatredsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culturalism and the rise of the Islamic State: faith, sectarianism and violence

Jacoby

2017

Third World Quarterly

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This paper looks at the ways in which culturalist discourses have influenced our understanding and representation of the rise of the so-called Islamic State. It argues that, in keeping with older narratives on the motives of "bad" Muslims, its political and economic objectives have been overlooked and/or downplayed. Instead, I propose, there has been a strategically efficacious focus on its appeal to Islam, on its sectarian rhetoric and on its use of violence. By continuing to emphasise the ethical over the political in these ways, the culturalism that underpins the dominant representation of the Islamic State's emergence has, I conclude, served three key purposes-the mobilisation of the "good" Muslim, the exculpation of Western foreign policy and the legitimisation of force.

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“…60 To trace the transformative effect of mandatory rule, it is therefore necessary to follow its protagonists across the new national frontiers that were simultaneously such a rich source of jurisdictional arbitrage, speculative development planning, and potential profit. 61 To sketch how the dossier seeks to address the issues described above, we turn now to the essays themselves.…”

Section: Development and Modernizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformative Occupations in the Modern Middle East

Jackson¹,

Moses²

2017

Humanity

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Humanity Summer 2017 institution-building projects inspired by post-World War II colonial emergencies. 7 Still another combination is "transformative occupation," coined in 2003 by David J. Scheffer in opposition to the concept of belligerent occupation. 8 Unlike the other two terms, transformative occupation possesses the chronological scope to capture longterm phenomena beyond the immediate context of invasion, and the thematic range to encompass, but also surpass, the question of humanitarianism. This dossier on transformative occupations in the modern Middle East aims to advance discussion of the concept through fine-grained social and political histories of the region that is currently the main target of dramatic interventions. Notably, it is also a region that was constituted as the "Middle East" largely through its imperial appropriation in a prior wave of such interventions after World War I. 9 Given this enduring role of external interventions in the region's geopolitical existence and status, the value of applying the concept of transformative occupation to these varied case studies is borne out by a mutually constitutive relationship between theorizing and empirical enquiry. On one hand, selecting these cases in all their empirical diversity, from Mandate Palestine to contemporary Afghanistan, and marshaling them under the rubric of transformative occupation, allows us to grasp unsuspected commonalities in state formation (and prevention) during and after imperial and colonial occupation. At the same time, the historical approach shows that the theoretical concept of transformative occupation has deeper roots than usually assumed, in periods long before the contemporary moment or even the era of postcolonial states. In this introduction, we briefly sketch these roots and applications in a semantic treatment of both keywords. Durably sedimented in both terms are meanings from the age of imperial conquest, colonial rule, and capitalist modernization, showing that transformative occupation can be as much a postcolonial phenomenon as the more familiar tale of Western imperial tutelage over non-Western societies. Accordingly, the essays span a period from World War I to the post-2001 conjuncture, discussing transformative occupations through their social and political histories, with an emphasis on the following subthemes. First, the implementation and appropriation of developmental ideologies, metrics, and hierarchies at various political scales from the international to the imperial to the regional, national, and local. Second, the constitution-within and across multiple imperial frameworks-of autonomous, semi-autonomous, or pseudo-autonomous political spaces, such as interwar mandates and contemporary special or occupied territories. We treat especially the sociopolitical technologies associated with these spaces-bureaucratic dynamics, blockades, and cross-border networks-through which the legal and moral practices of social life in contexts of transformative occupation are adjudicated. Third, the articu...

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Occupying Syria under the French Mandate

Cited by 119 publications

References 0 publications

From Farm to Table: The Foodways Connection Between Rural and Urban Women in Syria After World War I

From Farm to Table: The Foodways Connection Between Rural and Urban Women in Syria After World War I

Culturalism and the rise of the Islamic State: faith, sectarianism and violence

Transformative Occupations in the Modern Middle East

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