Occurrence and antibiogram of Listeria species in raw pork, beef, and chicken meats marketed in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria

Abstract

<jats:p>Aim: This study was undertaken to isolate Listeria (L.) species from raw meats sold in markets in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria, and to determine the antibacterial resistance profile. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five grams of beef (n=144), chicken meat (n=144), and pork (n=144) were collected randomly from supermarkets and general markets in Enugu State. Isolation of Listeria was done using half and full Fraser broths, and polymyxin acriflavine lithium chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol agar. Identification of isolates was done using an analytical profile index kit specific for Listeria. Confirmation of the genus Listeria was done by a polymerase chain reaction. The resistance of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: Listeria was isolated from 39/144 (27.1%) chicken meat, 19/144 (13.2%) pork, and 66/144 (45.8%) beef samples cultured. Listeria innocua was the predominant species in chicken meat (52.6%) and beef (81.8%) samples. Listeria grayi, Listeria welshimeri, and Listeria ivanovii were also isolated from the beef and chicken meat samples. More than 65% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and cephalothin. All the isolates from beef and pork samples and 23 (92%) from chicken meat samples, were resistant to ≥3 classes of antibacterial agents. Mean multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was 0.77 (range=0.42-1.00), 0.58 (range=0.25-0.83), and 0.79 (range=0.58-0.92) for the isolates from beef, chicken meat, and pork samples, respectively. All the isolates had MARI &gt;0.2. Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant Listeria strains contaminate raw beef, pork, and chicken meats marketed in Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria.</jats:p>

Prevalence, Antibiogram and Biofilm Production of Listeria Monocytogenes from Faeces and Foetuses of Slaughtered Pregnant Cows: Environmental and Public Health Implications

“…Our findings reiterate cattle as an important carrier of L. monocytogenes and agree with previous reports that this foodborne pathogen is quite prevalent in animals and their products [9,30,38]. More specifically, this study demon strated that cow faeces and foetuses remained a potential source of L. monocytogenes infection to meat processors and handlers.…”

Prevalence and characteristics of Listeria species from selected African countries

“… 432 28.7 [ 12 ] Nigeria Raw meat and meat product Listeria spp . 300 28.3 [ 13 ] Nigeria Salad vegetables, Salad and coleslaw L. monocytogenes 355 3.9 [ 14 ] Nigeria Cabbage/Carrot/Cucumber/Lettuce/ Tomatoes L. monocytogenes 555 44.0 [ 15 ] Nigeria Soft cheese L. monocytogenes 116 49.1 [ 12 ] Nigeria Raw beef, pork and chicken L. monocytogenes 205 7.8 [ 16 ] Nigeria Raw beef and chevon L. monocytogenes 104 64.4 [ 5 ] Ghana Raw cow milk/Nunu/Boiled milk L. monocytogenes 254 5.5 [ 17 ] Ethiopia Beef, butchers and restaurant L. monocytogenes 450 4.4 [ 18 ] Ethiopia Pizza, cake, ice cream, minced beef, fish, raw meat, and unpasteurized milk L. monocytogenes 384 6.3 [ 19 ] Ethiopia Vaginal samples of pregnant women L. monocytogenes 141 8.5 [ 20 ] Botswana Cheese, raw milk, meat (biltong), frozen cabbage and salad L. monocytogenes 1324 4.3 [ ...…”

“…In Enugu state, Nigeria, the frequency of Listeria spp. isolated from chicken meat, pork, and beef samples was 27.1, 13.2 and 45.8% respectively [ 12 ], while in Zaria, Nigeria, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw meat and meat products was 4.0% [ 13 ]. Other studies in Nigeria reported the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in vegetables including in cabbage, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, and tomatoes to be, 28.28, 9.02, 23.36, 19.67, and 19.67%, respectively [ 15 ].…”

“…isolated in Africa State/Country Sample source Organism Resistant Antibiotics Sensitive Antibiotics Reference Ethiopia a RTE/Meat L. monocytogenes Penicillin and Nalidixic acid Amoxicillin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Cephalothin, Cloxacillin and Sulfamethoxazole [ 19 ] Botswana RTE/Meat L. monocytogenes Penicillin G Fusidic acid, Erythromycin, Methicillin and Ampicillin [ 21 ] Ethiopia Pregnant women L. monocytogenes Clindamycin, Penicillin G and Vancomycin Erythromycin and Ciprofloxacin [ 20 ] South Africa Environment/waste water Listeria spp. Penicillin, Nalidixic acid and Erythromycin Amikacin, Gentamicin, Meropenem, Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol [ 35 ] South Africa RTE/Meat L. monocytogenes Streptomycin, Clindamycin and Fusidic acids Ampicillin, Kanamycin and Amikacin [ 8 ] South Africa Environment/soil and water L. monocytogenes Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Penicillin, and Erythromycin Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Amikacin [ 9 ] Nigeria RTE/Meat L. monocytogenes Penicillin, Cephalothin, Gentamicin, and Ciprofloxacin ND [ 12 ] Nigeria RTE/Meat Listeria spp. Ampiclox (ampicillin/cloxacillin) and Amoxicillin Ciprofloxacin and Septrin (co-trimoxazole) [ 31 ] Nigeria RTE/Meat L. monocytogenes Streptomycin and Sparfloxacin Rifampicin [ 5 ] Nigeria …”

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Listeria spp. associated with seafoods from fish catchment areas in Kerala, India

“…The antibiotic sensitivity profile of Listeria spp., however, varies with the use of drugs in human and veterinary medicine in different geographical areas. Inappropriate use of antibacterial drugs is the major cause of acquired resistance in Listeria species [4]. Multiple drug resistance in L. monocytogenes strains isolated from fish, raw and ready-to-eat seafood product samples has been reported [5].…”