Occurrence and Causes of Blindness in Finland

Vannas, Salme; T, Raivio

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1964.tb03610.x

Acta Ophthalmologica

1964

DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1964.tb03610.x

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Occurrence and Causes of Blindness in Finland

Salme Vannas¹,

Raivio T²

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Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In most Nordic countries a national registration of citizens with visual impairment is taking place (Hansen 1981;Vannas & Raivio 1964;Halldorsson & Bjrarnsson 1980;Rosenberg 1987). One of the main objectives for the registration of visual impairment among children is the identification of possible causative or aetiological factors (see discussion below for explanation of the use of the terms cause and aetiology).…”

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confidence: 99%

Visual impairment in Nordic children

Rosenberg¹,

Flage

Hansen

et al. 1992

Acta Ophthalmologica

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Careful clinical-aetiological assessment of visually impaired children is one of the prerequisites for prevention of future, 'unavoidable' cases of visual impairment of children in the industrialized part of the world. In a collaborative study (NORDSYN) between four Nordic national registers of visual impairment, we analysed and classified some of the factors considered to be essential components for the development of low vision or blindness in children. We discuss the conceptual basis for aetiological classification of eye disorders and visual impairment. An aetiological classification system, based on the type and debut of an essential causal factor is introduced. We present data on 2527 visually impaired children from the Nordic countries. In accordance with several other reports from the last twenty years it is demonstrated that prenatal factors, including genetic aetiologies, were involved in a large proportion (66%) of the cases. In children without additional impairments the corresponding fraction was 74%. Genetic factors accounted for a little over half of the prenatal cases, and in a substantial number of children (40%) with visual impairments of prenatal origin, the causes were obscure. In 1/5 of the material some peri-neonatal causal or modifying factor was identified. In 7% only, the presumed aetiological factor was introduced in the infantile-juvenile period of life. Further prevention of visual impairment among children of the industrialized countries would benefit most from a more comprehensive understanding of prenatal, nongenetic causal factors, further knowledge about regulating mechanisms responsible for gene expression, and additional improvements in perinatal care.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual impairment in Nordic children

Rosenberg¹,

Flage

Hansen

et al. 1992

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…This will give us guidelines for modelling our preventive work. In the Nordic countries there exists a well established tradition of registration of visual impairment (Norrie 1927;Holst 1950;Skydsgaard 1955;Vannas & Raivio 1964;Lindstedt 1972;Halldorsson & Bjornsson 1980;Hansen 1981;Rosenberg 1987). In 1990 data on 2527 visually impaired children included in the national registers in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway were compiled into a common database by the so-called Nordsyn study group (Riise et al 1992a,b;Rosenberg et al 1992;Hansen et al 1992;Rudanko et al 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Infantile/juvenile etiologies such as infections, malnutrition and accidents have played an important role in the past (Norrie 1927;Vannas & Raivio 1964) and still do in the developing countries (Foster 1988;Foster & Gilbert 1992). In this study, as well as in the one by Rosenberg et al (1992), the infantile/juvenile group was small, 7.2%.…”

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confidence: 99%

Visual impairment in Swedish children

Blohmé

Törnqvist

1997

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT. The analysis of etiological factors in a group of visually impaired children is of considerable importance when trying to find guidelines for possible preventive work. In this study we present etiological data on 2373 Swedish children. Data have been obtained by reviewing medical records on all known children with visual impairment throughout the country. In accordance with similar studies from industrialised countries, the group with prenatal etiology was the predominant, comprising 64% of the material. Within this group, half the patients had a disease of genetic origin. A total of 50% of all patients with prenatal etiology had an additional impairment, but in the group with diseases of genetic origin this proportion was smaller, only 40%. On the other hand, many children with additional impairments were found among those with an unspecified prenatal influence. Peri-/neonatal etiologies were found in 20% of the patients. In this group as many as 83% had additional impairments. This was even more pronounced among children delivered at term. The group with infantile/juvenile etiologies was small, 7%, with additional impairments in 66%. In 9% of all patients the etiology was classified as unknown. Among these, 80% had additional impairments. The visual impairment tended to be more pronounced, the later the disease was acquired. A male preponderance was seen in most etiological subgroups and in the material as a whole.

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“…Reports on blindness in Nordic children are often incorporated in larger surveys on blindness (Norrie 1927;Holst 1950;Vannas 1964;Lindstedt 1969;Odland 1979;Haldorsen & Bjfirnsson 1980), but important works dealing exclusively with visual impairment in children have also been published (Skydsgaard 1955;Lindstedt 1972Lindstedt , 1975Rosenberg 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual impairment in Nordic children

Hansen

Flage

Rosenberg³

et al. 1992

Acta Ophthalmologica

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The diagnoses, according to type and site and the degree of visual impairment, responsible for severe visual impairment in children below the age of 18, were analyzed in a material compiled from the national registers of visually impaired in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Among 2527 children the predominant causes of visual impairment are ascribed to congenital malformations, neuro-ophthalmological diseases and retinal diseases. Optic atrophy is the leading single cause of severe visual impairment when all diagnoses are compared, and this also applies when all categories of visual impairment are included. Retinopathy of prematurity is the second principal cause of severe visual impairment, while cerebral amblyopia rates as the third most significant cause. Congenital cataract is also of considerable importance when all categories of visual impairment are compared. The differences registered between the Nordic countries were found to be within reasonable limits, except for a preponderance of neuro-ophthalmological diseases in the Danish material. This could be explained by a better medical supervision of mentally retarded patients in Denmark. Additional impairments occur in a large percentage of patients, but are unevenly distributed in the disease groups. A high frequency of additional impairments are found in the neuro-ophthalmological group and in the groups with congenital malformations, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary evaluation when dealing with the visually impaired child.

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Occurrence and Causes of Blindness in Finland

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Visual impairment in Nordic children

Visual impairment in Nordic children

Visual impairment in Swedish children

Visual impairment in Nordic children

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