Occurrence and distribution of antifouling biocide Irgarol-1051 in coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia

Occurrence and distribution of antifouling biocide Irgarol-1051 in coral reef ecosystems, Zanzibar

“…Contamination of Irgarol has been widely reported worldwide for example United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Singapore, Japan, France and Malaysia (Readman et al, 1993;Okamura et al, 2000;Thomas et al, 2001;Lamoree et al, 2002;Sheikh et al, 2009a;Ali et al, 2013). The highest concentration of Irgarol-1051 reported in marine environment so far was (4200 ng/L) detected in Singapore coastal waters (Basheer et al, 2002).…”

Biofouling on artificial substrata in Muscat waters

“…These compounds pollute marine environment and are toxic to marine organisms and humans (Ali et al 2013;Thomas et al 2002). Due to high environmental risks the use of one of the highly successful antifouling agent -organo-…”

Changes of exoskeleton surface roughness and expression of crucial participation genes for chitin formation and digestion in the mud crab (Macrophthalmus japonicus) following the antifouling biocide irgarol

“…Irgarol was detected at concentrations of 1.7 μg L À 1 in marinas and ports (Readman et al, 1993), and 1.4 μg L À 1 in mooring areas of a UK coast (Thomas et al, 2001). Maximum concentration of measured irgarol was 2021 ng L À 1 in coastal waters of peninsular Malaysia (Ali et al, 2013). Irgarol was also detected at concentrations up to 67.64 ng L À 1 along Korean coasts (Lee et al, 2010a).…”