Occurrence and Distribution of Pharmaceuticals and their Transformation Products in Luxembourgish Surface Waters

Singh, Randolph R.; Lai, Adelene; Krier, Jessy; Kondić, Todor; Diderich, Philippe; Schymanski, Emma L.

doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.14564301

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…A boxplot was also constructed to see which pollutants are consistently high and to show the difference in detected concentrations between 2019 and 2020. Heat maps and boxplots were generated using custom-made, openly accessible scripts in R . Results were compared to pharmaceuticals found in the Meuse (Belgian and Dutch section) and Rhine (German section) rivers, which all have Luxembourgish rivers as tributaries.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Distribution of Pharmaceuticals and Their Transformation Products in Luxembourgish Surface Waters

et al. 2021

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Pharmaceuticals and their transformation products (TPs) are continuously released into the aquatic environment via anthropogenic activity. To expand knowledge on the presence of pharmaceuticals and their known TPs in Luxembourgish rivers, 92 samples collected during routine monitoring events between 2019 and 2020 were investigated using nontarget analysis. Water samples were concentrated using solid-phase extraction and then analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Suspect screening was performed using several open source computational tools and resources including Shinyscreen (), MetFrag (), PubChemLite (), and MassBank (). A total of 94 pharmaceuticals, 88 confirmed at a level 1 confidence (86 of which could be quantified, two compounds too low to be quantified) and six identified at level 2a, were found to be present in Luxembourg rivers. Pharmaceutical TPs (12) were also found at a level 2a confidence. The pharmaceuticals were present at median concentrations up to 214 ng/L, with caffeine having a median concentration of 1424 ng/L. Antihypertensive drugs (15), psychoactive drugs (15), and antimicrobials (eight) were the most detected groups of pharmaceuticals. A spatiotemporal analysis of the data revealed areas with higher concentrations of the pharmaceuticals, as well as differences in pharmaceutical concentrations between 2019 and 2020. The results of this work will help guide activities for improving water management in the country and set baseline data for continuous monitoring and screening efforts, as well as for further open data and software developments.

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Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%