Occurrence and dry deposition of organophosphate esters in atmospheric particles over the northern South China Sea

Lin

et al. 2016

Talanta

a b s t r a c tBoth polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated PUF (SIP) passive air sampling (PAS) methods were deployed and compared separately for the analysis of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in outdoor atmospheric environment. During an continuous period of 84 days, parallel samples were also collected by a high-volume active air sampler (HV-AAS) to assess the contamination levels and to calibrate uptake parameters of PAS. The total concentration of OPEs in both particulate and gaseous phases ranged from 1.50 to 5.64 ng m À 3 in ambient air. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the dominating analog, representing 78 79% of total OPE concentration. SIP-PAS showed longer linear-phase sampling period for TCPP, and accumulated more amount of the most volatile triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) homologues, while similar sorption performances of both PAS methods were found for most of the semi-volatile OPEs. Linear sampling rates in PUF-PAS and SIP-PAS disks were calculated for individual OPEs except for TEP and TBP, and the average uptake rates (3.37 1.1 and 3.57 1.7 m 3 d À 1 , respectively) were close to the acknowledged value (4 m À 3 d À 1) for persistent organic pollutants. Besides, isotopic labeled D 15 -Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) could be used as a viable depuration compound to calculate site-specific sampling rates of OPEs, with a linear loss of up to ∼60% at the end of deployment time.

Section: Atmospheric Ope Concentrations By Active Samplermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For air sampling of OPEs in indoor air and remote marine atmosphere, active air samplers were generally applied in most previously reported investigations [1,5,24,25]. While, few techniques were tested for passive sampling of OPEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of two passive samplers for the analysis of organophosphate esters in the ambient air

Lin

et al. 2016

Talanta

Environmental Pollution

“…1) (Lai et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2016). An integrated high volume air sampler was placed in the upper deck to collect gas and PM samples simultaneously.…”

Section: Sampling Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contamination of ship exhaust was prevented by manually shutting off the sampling pump when the ship stopped or was under unfavourable wind conditions. Negligible influence of ship exhausts was suggested (Lai et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2016). Field blank samples were taken during the campaign.…”

Section: Quality Assurance/quality Control (Qa/qc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere over the northern South China Sea

Lai

Song

et al. 2016

Self Cite

a b s t r a c tNeutral Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere were measured during a cruise campaign over the northern South China Sea (SCS) from September to October 2013. Four groups of PFASs, i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer acrylates (FTAs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FASEs), were detected in gas samples. FTOHs was the predominant PFAS group, accounting for 95.2e99.3% of total PFASs (SPFASs), while the other PFASs accounted for a small fraction of SPFASs. The concentrations of SPFASs ranged from 18.0 to 109.9 pg m À3 with an average of 54.5 pg m À3 . The concentrations are comparable to those reported in other marine atmosphere. Higher concentrations of SPFASs were observed in the continental-influenced samples than those in other samples, pointing to the substantial contribution of anthropogenic sources. Long-range transport is suggested to be a major pathway for introducing gaseous PFASs into the atmosphere over the northern SCS. In order to further understand the fate of gaseous PFASs during transport, the atmospheric decay of neutral PFASs under the influence of reaction with OH radicals and atmospheric physical processes were estimated. Concentrations of 8:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTOH and MeFBSE from selected source region to the atmosphere over the SCS after long-range transport were predicted and compared with the observed concentrations. It suggests that the reaction with OH radicals may play an important role in the atmospheric decay of PFAS during long-range transport, especially for shorted-lived species. Moreover, the influence of atmospheric physical processes on the decay of PFAS should be further considered.

“…In fact, OPEs are already ubiquitous in various environments, as they have been detected in sewage treatment plants (STPs) [3], indoor environments [4,5], atmospheric particles [6,7], aquatic environment [2,[7][8][9], biota [10,11] and also human body fluid [10,12]. Moreover, some halogenated OPEs, such as tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCP), are quite recalcitrant to naturally degradation or biodegradation [1,3], suggesting that they are likely to enter the aquatic environment and persistent in environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate-basd ionic liquids as advantageous solid-phase micro-extraction coatings for the extraction of organophosphate esters in environmental waters

Shi

Journal of Chromatography A

Liang

et al. 2016

a b s t r a c tIonic liquids (ILs) containing the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate [FAP] anion and various cations have great potential in sample preparation because of their excellent hydrophobicity, thermostability and low hydrolysity. In the present study, a [FAP]-based IL, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluoro phosphate ([HMIM][FAP]), was used as coatings of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for extracting organophosphate esters (OPEs) from environmental water samples. This SPME fiber was fabricated by coating a stainless steel wire substrate with [HMIM][FAP] via a simple direct dip-coating approach, and the extraction was conducted by the direct immersion solid phase microextraction. Coupling to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the developed SPME method exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards the extraction of 11 OPEs from aqueous samples. Satisfactory linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.99) of the calibration curves was obtained over the range of 0.05-50.0 ng mLwith the limits of detection (LODs, S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N = 10) ranged from 0.13-7.40 ng L −1 and 0.50-24.0 ng L −1 , respectively. The proposed SPME method showed excellent extraction efficiency to OPEs with enrichment factors in the range of 168-2603, and acceptable reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤15% for single fiber (n = 7) and ≤16% for fiber-to-fiber (n = 3 × 3) at a concentration level of 0.5 ng mL −1 , respectively. The prepared IL-based fiber was successfully applied to determine eleven common used OPEs in tap water, influent and effluent of sewage treatment plant, with results are comparable to those determined by the reference (UPLC-MS/MS), and spiked recoveries in the range of 84.0-108%, 82.1-123% and 82.8-100%, respectively.