Occurrence and quantitative microbial risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in soil and air samples

Balderrama-Carmona, Ana Paola; Gortáres‐Moroyoqui, Pablo; Álvarez, Luis H.; Castro‐Espinoza, Luciano; Fernández, Iram Mondaca; Balderas-Cortés, José de Jesús; Cháidez‐Quiroz, Cristóbal; Meza-Montenegro, María Mercedes

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.002

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…em amostras ambientais, tais como solo, vegetais, esgoto e fontes de água, evidenciando a presença de oocistos. Este agente vem sendo responsavél por surtos de origem alimentar e de veiculação hídrica em diversas regiões do mundo (Balderrama-Carmona et al, 2014;Dreelin et al, 2014;Hong et al, 2014;Moss et al, 2014). A detecção do Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Infecção natural de pombos (Columba livia) por Cryptosporidium spp

Costa¹,

Bomfim²

2016

RBCV

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ResumoO estudo teve como objetivo diagnosticar microscopicamente e molecularmente a presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. provenientes de amostras fecais de pombos (Columba livia) no município do Rio de Janeiro. As amostras fecais foram coletadas frescas, logo após as aves defecarem e acondicionadas sob refrigeração e encaminhadas para o processamento e pesquisa de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. ao laboratório de Protozoologia do Departamento de Parasitologia, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. As amostras foram submetidas a técnica de centrifugação e flutuação com solução saturada de açúcar e as lâminas observadas com objetiva de 40X. Nas amostras positivas para a presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. foi realizada a extração de ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) para uso nas reações em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) e Nested-PCR. Um total de 387 amostras fecais de pombos foram obtidas, no diagnóstico microscópico foi possível a observação de oocistos deste parasita em 81 amostras (20,93%). Destas, 53 amostras amplificaram DNA específico para Cryptosporidium spp. na reação da Nested-PCR. Mundialmente, Cryptosporidium spp. parasitando pombos é assinalado em apenas quatro países: Turquia, China, Irã e Tailândia. O resultado encontrado neste trabalho, em três bairros populosos do município do Rio de Janeiro, revelou ser preocupante, por serem áreas onde há uma quantidade acentuada da população animal e humana, facilitando a dispersão e contaminação ambiental dos oocistos. Este é o primeiro registro no Brasil de parasitismo de Cryptosporidium spp. tendo como hospedeiro o pombo e estes resultados, não devem ser negligenciados.Palavras-chave: Columbidae, Rio de Janeiro, Criptosporidiidae, diagnóstico microscópico, diagnóstico molecular. AbstractThe aim of this study was to diagnose microscopically and molecularly the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from pigeons (Columba livia) faecal samples in Rio de Janeiro city. The fecal samples were collected fresh, after the birds defecated and conditioned under refrigeration and sent to the processing and research of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts to the protozoology laboratory of the Parasitology Department, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. The samples were submitted to centrifugation and flotation with saturated sugar solution technique and the slides observed with a 40X objective. In the positive samples for the Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts the extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Nested-PCR was performed. A total of 387 pigeons faecal samples were obtained, in the microscopic diagnosis it was possible to observe oocysts of this parasite in 81 samples (20.93%). Of these, 53 samples amplified DNA specific for Cryptosporidium spp. in the Nested-PCR reaction. Worldwide, Cryptosporidium spp. parasitizing pigeons is reported in only four countries: Turkey, China, Iran and Thailand. The results found in this study, in three populated neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro city, were worrisome becau...

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Infecção natural de pombos (Columba livia) por Cryptosporidium spp

Costa¹,

Bomfim²

2016

RBCV

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“…We are aware of only one previous study reporting detection of enteric protozoan parasites in air samples, from rural Mexico, by microscopy; the study reported 8 of 12 samples positive for Cryptosporidium and 10 of 12 samples positive for Giardia, possibly via aerosolization of soil 130 . By comparison we detected Giardia duodenalis via qPCR in 22% of samples in La Paz and 18% of samples in Kanpur, with 3 and 5 positive detections per 2000 m 3 air at each site respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Detection and quantification of enteric pathogens in aerosols near open wastewater canals in cities with poor sanitation

Ginn

Rocha-Melogno

Bivins

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Urban sanitation infrastructure is inadequate in many low-income countries, leading to the presence of highly concentrated, uncontained fecal waste streams in densely populated areas. Combined with mechanisms of aerosolization, airborne transport of enteric microbes and their genetic material is possible in such settings but remains poorly characterized. We detected and quantified enteric pathogen-associated gene targets in aerosol samples near open wastewater canals (OWCs) or impacted surface waters and control sites in La Paz, Bolivia; Kanpur, India; and Atlanta, USA via multiplex qPCR (37 targets) and ddPCR (13 targets). We detected a wide range enteric pathogen-specific targets, some not previously reported in extramural urban aerosols, with more frequent detections of all enteric targets at higher densities in La Paz and Kanpur near OWCs. We report density estimates ranging from non-detects to 4.7 x 102 gc per m3air for targets including ST-ETEC, C. jejuni, EIEC/Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., norovirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. An estimated 25%, 76%, and 0% of samples containing positive pathogen detects were accompanied by culturable E. coli in La Paz, Kanpur, and Atlanta, respectively, suggesting potential for viability of enteric microbes at the point of sampling. Airborne transmission of enteric pathogens merits further investigation in cities with poor sanitation.

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“…The miniscule size of Cryptosporidium oocysts has the capability to disseminate across the air, where they could be inhaled and cause infection in humans and animals [174]. Inhalation of oocysts from contaminated air can infect the respiratory tract and manifest respiratory symptoms [175][176][177].…”

Section: Airborne Transmission Of Cryptosporidium Under Arid Climate mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inhalation of oocysts from contaminated air can infect the respiratory tract and manifest respiratory symptoms [175][176][177]. Cryptosporidium oocysts have been observed in 60% of the investigated air samples in Mexico [174]. Direct contamination with faecal material because of the lack of sanitary infrastructure results in a greater dispersion of soil via airborne dust during dry season, particularly in those places where people are exposed to large amounts of outdoor dust [174].…”

Section: Airborne Transmission Of Cryptosporidium Under Arid Climate mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that Cryptosporidium oocysts are able to infect epithelial organoids derived from human lungs and are successfully able to complete their lifecycle [180]. The risk of illness for Cryptosporidium oocyst air inhalation has been found to be very high and has shown to reach above the safety guidelines of its presence in water (1 × 10 −4 ) [174].…”

Section: Airborne Transmission Of Cryptosporidium Under Arid Climate mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries

Ahmed

Karanis

2020

IJERPH

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The present review discusses the burden of cryptosporidiosis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which is underreported and underestimated. It emphasizes that the Cryptosporidium parasite is infecting inhabitants and expatriates in the Gulf countries. Children under 5 years are a vulnerable group that is particularly affected by this parasitic disease and can act as carriers, who contribute to the epidemiology of the disease most probably via recreational swimming pools. Various risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in the GCC countries are present, including expatriates, predisposing populations to the infection. Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries’ populations.

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Occurrence and quantitative microbial risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in soil and air samples

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Infecção natural de pombos (Columba livia) por Cryptosporidium spp

Infecção natural de pombos (Columba livia) por Cryptosporidium spp

Detection and quantification of enteric pathogens in aerosols near open wastewater canals in cities with poor sanitation

Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries

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