Occurrence and Quantitative Risk Assessment of Twelve Mycotoxins in Eggs and Chicken Tissues in China

Wang, Lan; Zhang, Qiaoyan; Yan, Zheng; Tan, Yanglan; Zhu, Runyue; Yu, Dianzhen; Yang, Hua; Wu, Aibo

doi:10.3390/toxins10110477

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Dry food is mostly a basis of pet diet and even extremely low doses of mycotoxins might result in chronic diseases when consumed daily. Mycotoxins could be ingested by the animal with contaminated food and accumulate in their tissues or excrete with body fluid, hence, meat, milk, and eggs might be also potentially an origin of mycotoxins in diet [42][43][44][45]. It might be concluded that multi-exposure to mycotoxins is an inevitable phenomenon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats

Witaszak

Waśkiewicz

Bocianowski

et al. 2020

Toxins

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A wide range of pet food types are available on the market; the dominant type is dry food formulated in croquets. One of the most common ingredients of dry food are cereals—vectors of harmful mycotoxins posing the risk to pet health. In this study, 38 cat and dog dry food samples available on the Polish market were investigated. Morphological and molecular methods were applied to identify fungal genera present in pet food. Quantification of ergosterol and Fusarium mycotoxins: Fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone were performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Obtained results indicated five genera of mycotoxigenic fungi: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp., including Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Ergosterol and mycotoxins of interest were detected in both cat and dog food samples in the amounts ranging from 0.31 to 4.05 µg/g for ergosterol and 0.3–30.3, 1.2–618.4, 29.6–299.0, and 12.3–53.0 ng/g for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fumonisin B1, respectively. The conclusion is the presence of mycotoxins in levels much lower than recommended by EU regulations does not eliminate the risk and caution is advised concerning that long-term daily intake of even small doses of mycotoxins can slowly damage pet’s health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats

Witaszak

Waśkiewicz

Bocianowski

et al. 2020

Toxins

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“…It is important to emphasize that in field conditions non-specific signs of mycotoxicosis associated with the presence of multiple contributing factors occur, making it difficult to establish a clinical diagnosis. OTA has the potential to bioaccumulate in the organism, and thus consumption of OTA by birds may also be associated with the appearance of OTA residues in edible tissues and eggs [ 7 , 8 ], which might affect the safety of egg production throughout the food chain. Among food commodities, little is known about the risks posed by exposure to mycotoxins by consuming poultry products in Serbia [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a Modified Clinoptilolite Based Adsorbent in Reducing Detrimental Effects of Ochratoxin A in Laying Hens

Vasiljević

Marinković

Milićević

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of modified clinoptilolite (Minazel Plus®, MZ) as a mycotoxin adsorbent for preventing the negative the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on performance, pathohistological changes, and OTA residue in the eggs of laying hens. Methods: Forty eight (n = 48) laying hens (27 weeks old) were equally divided into six groups and depending on the type of addition were allocated to the following experimental treatments for 7 weeks: E-I group-1 mg/kg OTA; E-II group 0.25 mg/kg OTA; E-III group 1 mg/kg OTA + 0.2% of MZ; E-IV group 0.25 mg/kg OTA + 0.2% of MZ; MZ group supplemented with 0.2% of the adsorbent; and control (K, without feed additive). Results: Overall, the addition of 0.2% MZ to laying hen feed mitigated the harmful effects of OTA on target organs and reduced the presence of OTA residue in eggs. The groups that received 0.2% of MZ achieved better production results in terms of body weight, number of eggs, and feed consumption, compared to the other treatments. Conclusions: The current findings confirm the efficacy of MZ in preventing performance losses in laying hens exposed to OTA, as well as for improving the welfare and health of food producing animals.

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“…It has been reported that OTA-induced toxicity can activate apoptosis, in the nephrons of the kidneys [11]. Exposure of poultry to OTA is responsible for avian ochratoxicosis [12]; however, the sensitivity of different birds species to OTA is variable. In addition, the role of OTA in nephrotoxicity remains elusive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in the Kidneys of Chickens

Cao²,

Guo

et al. 2020

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of yeast selenium (Se-Y) on ochratoxin- (OTA-) induced nephrotoxicity of chickens. A total of 80 one-day-old healthy chickens were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, OTA (50 μg/kg OTA), Se-Y (0.4 mg/kg Se-Y), and OTA+Se-Y (50 μg/kg OTA+0.4 mg/kg Se-Y). In the OTA chickens, differences in body weight, kidney coefficient, biochemical histological analysis, antioxidant capability, and the expression levels of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway-related genes were observed. The levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (T-GSH) significantly decreased, but the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the kidneys significantly increased in the OTA treatment group. More importantly, treatment with Se-Y improved the antioxidant enzyme activities within the kidneys of chickens exposed to OTA. In addition, administration of OTA resulted in apoptosis and was associated with decreased expression of AKT, PI3K, and Bcl-2, which in turn enhanced expression of Caspase3, Bax, and P53. However, Se-Y improved the antioxidant defense system through activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Gene expression of Nrf2 and its target genes (HO-1, GSH-px, GLRX2, MnSOD, and CAT) was downregulated following OTA exposure. Conversely, Se-Y treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of the same genes. Besides, significant downregulations of protein expression of HO-1, CAT, MnSOD, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 and a significant upregulation of Caspase3 and Bax levels were observed after contaminated with OTA. Notably, OTA-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in the kidney of chickens were reverted back to normal level in the OTA+Se-Y group. Taken together, the data suggest that Se-Y alleviates OTA-induced nephrotoxicity in chickens, possibly through the activation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways.

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Occurrence and Quantitative Risk Assessment of Twelve Mycotoxins in Eggs and Chicken Tissues in China

Cited by 42 publications

References 43 publications

Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats

Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats

Efficacy of a Modified Clinoptilolite Based Adsorbent in Reducing Detrimental Effects of Ochratoxin A in Laying Hens

Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in the Kidneys of Chickens

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