“…Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used insecticides in the world with applications in agriculture, forestry, home pest control, and pet flea and tick preventatives. − Due to their widespread use and hydrophilic nature (log K ow −0.64 to 1.26), neonicotinoids have become ubiquitous in natural (ground and surface waters) and engineered systems (drinking water and wastewater treatment plants) throughout the U.S. with detections between <1 and ∼100 μg/L. ,,,− Although their widespread occurrence is now recognized, there are a limited number of studies that have reported the presence and/or fate of neonicotinoid transformation products (formed via microbial degradation, − chlorination, hydrolysis, ,,, and photolysis) in these systems. Because some neonicotinoid transformation products can have altered toxicities (e.g., desnitro-imidacloprid is >300× more toxic to mammals than parent imidacloprid), − a deeper understanding of the fate of novel transformation products in natural and engineered systems is critical.…”