Occurrence and Trophic Magnification of Organophosphate Esters in an Antarctic Ecosystem: Insights into the Shift from Legacy to Emerging Pollutants

Fu, Jie; Fu, Kehan; Gao, Ke; Li, Huijuan; Xue, Qiao; Chen, Yu; Wang, Liguo; Shi, Jianbo; Zhang, Qinghua; Zhang, Aiqian; Jiang, Guibin

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122742

Cited by 61 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Three plastic bags (food-grade polyethylene) that were used for fishmeal storage were cut in to 1 cm pieces and extracted using acetonitrile for OPE detection. Detail pretreatment process is described in our previous study . TMP, TEP, TPrP, TPhP, TBOEP, TMTP, TOTP, TPTP were not detected in any of the three plastic bags.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Tri-OPEs and di-OPEs were extracted and purified separately. Tri-OPEs were analyzed following previous studies with some modification. , Briefly, 1.0 g of fishmeal was weighed into a 15 mL Corning centrifuge tube, spiked with surrogate standard (1 ng), and aged overnight. Sonication assisted extraction was performed for 30 min using 5 mL acetonitrile/toluene ( v : v = 9:1) with 0.5% formic acid.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organophosphate Diesters (Di-OPEs) Play a Critical Role in Understanding Global Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Fishmeal

Zhao

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) have recently been widely identified in aquatic ecosystems, but information on their organophosphate diester (di-OPE) metabolites is sparsely available. Herein, uniform fishmeal products were collected across the globe (the U.S., China, Europe, South America, and Southeast Asia). Sixteen representative tri-OPEs and eight di-OPEs were investigated to reveal whether industrial production, metabolism, environmental persistence, or physicochemical properties are the key factors influencing their environmental burden and distribution. Tri-OPEs and di-OPEs were 100% detected in fishmeal, with bis(2-chloroethyl) hydrogen phosphate (BCEP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) at discernible levels in marine fauna for the first time. Average concentration of di-OPEs (49.6 ± 27.5 ng/g dw) was of the same order of magnitude as that of tri-OPEs (59.3 ± 92.2 ng/g dw). Geographical-specific distributions of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Mean concentration ratios ranged from 0.087 for the BCEP-TCEP pair to 507 for the dimethyl phosphate (DMP)-trimethyl phosphate (TMP) pair. Only the TPhP-diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) pair presented a strong positive linear correlation (r = 0.731; p < 0.01), and DPhP was proved a degradation origin. Commercial sources had a significant overall impact on distribution patterns of the DMP-TMP and the dibutyl phosphate (DnBP) - tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) pairs, whereas biotic transformation and abiotic stability profoundly influenced the bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP)-tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), the bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP)-TCIPP, and the BCEP-TCEP pairs. Di-OPEs are critical to understand environmental behavior of tri-OPEs in marine fauna.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate Diesters (Di-OPEs) Play a Critical Role in Understanding Global Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Fishmeal

Zhao

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The analytical procedures of the OPEs referred to previous studies with minor modifications. , Briefly, 0.5 g of homogenized APF sample was weighed into a 15 mL Corning centrifuge tube and spiked with 100 μL labeled internal standard (10 ng/mL for each chemical). The backgrounds of OPEs in the Corning centrifuge tube and other materials have been evaluated by a previous study and proved satisfied for OPE analysis . It was then aged overnight at room temperature.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The backgrounds of OPEs in the Corning centrifuge tube and other materials have been evaluated by a previous study and proved satisfied for OPE analysis. 19 It was then aged overnight at room temperature. The extraction was carried out by adding 5 mL acetonitrile/toluene (9:1, v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid, subsequently vortex mixed for 1 min and ultrasonic extracted for 30 min.…”

Section: Sample Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contaminants that are at trace levels in feed may reach extremely high levels in the raised animals. Although OPEs tend to degrade in biota, some studies have proven that selected OPEs, such as TCIPP, TCEP, and TBOEP, are bioaccumulative in the ecosystem, with trophic magnification factors of 2.2, 2.6, and 3.5 in a food web, respectively . Furthermore, the octanol–water partition coefficients ( K OW ) values of cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDPP) (10 5.25 ) and TCrP (10 6.34 ) implied that they might be bioaccumulative in food web .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Animal-Derived and Plant-Derived Protein Supplement Feeds Are Important Sources of Organophosphate Esters in the Food Supply

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2020

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Animal protein supplement feeds (APFs) are important raw feed materials for livestock. APFs might be susceptible to organophosphate esters (OPEs) but have not been paid attention yet. In the present study, animal-derived (meat meal, feather meal, and blood meal) and plant-derived APFs were all found to contain detectable levels of OPEs, with 16 target OPEs ranging from 12.6 ng/g dry weight (dw) to 301 ng/g dw. Meat meal contained the highest OPE level (mean: 117 ± 75.6 ng/g dw), followed by feather meal (54.6 ± 30.0 ng/g dw), plant-derived feed (41.9 ± 16.0 ng/g dw), and blood meal (28.0 ± 12.0 ng/g dw). Considering its widespread consumption, plant-derived APFs might be an important source of OPE exposure for livestock. Dust adhesion contributed to OPE contamination both in feather meal and plant-derived APFs. Congener patterns varied among the different APFs. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate dominated in the plant-derived feed and blood meal, while tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate were the major contributors in meat meal and feather meal, respectively. Tributyl phosphate and tri-iso-butyl phosphate were found to be statistically correlated in all APFs (p < 0.01), indicating their similar behavior and common sources. The protein-associated transport pathways of OPEs need to be studied separately for different protein matrices in the future.

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Elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of organophosphate esters by adverse outcome pathway network

He,

Ding,

Gao

et al. 2023

Arch Toxicol

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Occurrence and Trophic Magnification of Organophosphate Esters in an Antarctic Ecosystem: Insights into the Shift from Legacy to Emerging Pollutants

Cited by 61 publications

References 78 publications

Organophosphate Diesters (Di-OPEs) Play a Critical Role in Understanding Global Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Fishmeal

Organophosphate Diesters (Di-OPEs) Play a Critical Role in Understanding Global Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Fishmeal

Animal-Derived and Plant-Derived Protein Supplement Feeds Are Important Sources of Organophosphate Esters in the Food Supply

Elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of organophosphate esters by adverse outcome pathway network

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