Occurrence, Function and Biosynthesis of Lignins

Monties, Bernard; Fukushima, Kazuhiko

doi:10.1002/3527600035.bpol1001

Cited by 41 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…Lignin is synthesized by higher plants from phenyl propanoid precursors by polymerization of radicals. Plant laccases are suggested to be involved in the lignification process (Monties and Fukushima, 2001). Precursors are produced by plants from Ltyrosine and L-phenylalanine which are synthesized from carbohydrates by the shikimic acid metabolic pathway (Higuchi et al, 1977).…”

Section: Lignin:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are three of these precursors, differing in the number of methoxyl groups on the aromatic ring (Fig.3). The ratio between syringyl and guaiacyl subgroups has been used as a comparative parameter between plant species (Monties and Fukushima, 2001). Guaiacyl lignin is mainly found in softwoods (24-33% of dry biomass), guaiacyl-syringyl lignin (16-25%) in hardwoods and grasses contain guaiacylsyringyl-p-hydroxyphenol lignin (< 20%; Sjöström, 1977).…”

Section: Lignin Molecules:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioremediation of phenolic compounds by higher fungi - A review.

Tripathi¹,

Dixit²

2016

IJAR

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Section: Lignin:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lignin Molecules:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioremediation of phenolic compounds by higher fungi - A review.

Tripathi¹,

Dixit²

2016

IJAR

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“…1) [7,8]. The proportion of each unit depends on the species, age, cell type, and tissue type [9,10]. The presence of each additional methoxy group on a lignin unit results in one less reactive site (S < G < H) and, therefore, fewer possible combinations during the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12155-016-9713-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of p-Coumaroyl Quinate/Shikimate 3′-Hydroxylase (C3′H) or Cinnamate-4-hydrolylase (C4H) in Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis Leads to Increased Extractability

et al. 2016

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Lignin reduction through breeding and genetic modification has the potential to reduce costs in biomass processing in pulp and paper, forage, and lignocellulosic ethanol industries. Here, we present detailed characterization of the extractability and lignin structure of Eucalyptus urophylla × -Eucalyptus grandis RNAi downregulated in p-coumaroyl quinate/shikimate 3′-hydroxylase (C3′H) or cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H). Both the C3′H and C4H downregulated lines were found to have significantly higher extractability when exposed to NaOH base extraction, indicating altered cell wall construction. The molecular weight of isolated lignin was measured and lignin structure was determined by HSQC NMR-based lignin subunit analysis for control and the C3′H and C4H downregulated lines. The slight reductions in average molecular weights of the lignin isolated from the transgenic lines (C3′H = 7000, C4H = 6500, control = 7300) does not appear to explain the difference in extractability. The HSQC NMR-based lignin subunit analysis showed increases in H lignin content for the C3′H but only slight differences in the lignin subunit structure of the C3′H and C4H downregulated lines when compared to the control. The greatest difference between the C3′H and C4H downregulated lines is the total lignin content; therefore, it appears that overall lowered lignin content contributes greatly to reduced recalcitrance and increased extractability of cell wall biopolymers. Further studies will be conducted to determine how the reduction in lignin content creates a less rigid cell wall that is more prone to extraction and sugar release.

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“…The particular properties of lignocelluloses are based on the structure of their major components. In the secondary cell wall of wood, cellulose (40 to 50%) forms the fiber backbone, hemicelluloses (mainly xylan, 20 to 40%) cover and link the cellulose fibers, and lignin (20 to 35%) acts as molecular glue between the cell wall polysaccharides (35).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ignocellulose results from plant synthesis of complex cell wall polymers, which provide rigidity and mechanical stability and are thought to protect the plant from microbial attack (32,35). The particular properties of lignocelluloses are based on the structure of their major components.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Wood Rot Ascomycete Xylaria polymorpha Produces a Novel GH78 Glycoside Hydrolase That Exhibits α- l -Rhamnosidase and Feruloyl Esterase Activities and Releases Hydroxycinnamic Acids from Lignocelluloses

Nghị

Bittner

Kellner

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTSoft rot (type II) fungi belonging to the family Xylariaceae are known to substantially degrade hardwood by means of their poorly understood lignocellulolytic system, which comprises various hydrolases, including feruloyl esterases and laccase. In the present study, several members of the Xylariaceae were found to exhibit high feruloyl esterase activity during growth on lignocellulosic materials such as wheat straw (up to 1,675 mU g−1) or beech wood (up to 80 mU g−1). Following the ester-cleaving activity toward methyl ferulate, a hydrolase ofXylaria polymorphawas produced in solid-state culture on wheat straw and purified by different steps of anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography to apparent homogeneity (specific activity, 2.2 U mg−1). The peptide sequence of the purified protein deduced from the gene sequence and verified byde novopeptide sequencing shows high similarity to putative α-l-rhamnosidase sequences belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 78 (GH78; classified under EC 3.2.1.40). The purified enzyme (98 kDa by SDS-PAGE, 103 kDa by size-exclusion chromatography; pI 3.7) converted diverse glycosides (e.g., α-l-rhamnopyranoside and α-l-arabinofuranoside) but also natural and synthetic esters (e.g., chlorogenic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid glycoside esters, veratric acid esters, orp-nitrophenyl acetate) and released free hydroxycinnamic acids (ferulic and coumaric acid) from arabinoxylan and milled wheat straw. These catalytic properties strongly suggest thatX. polymorphaGH78 is a multifunctional enzyme. It is the first fungal enzyme that combines glycosyl hydrolase with esterase activities and may help this soft rot fungus to degrade lignocelluloses.

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Occurrence, Function and Biosynthesis of Lignins

Abstract: Introduction Historical Outline Occurrence in the Plant Kingdom According to Type of Plant According to Plant Tissue Contribution to Dry Matter Annual Global Synthesis Ultrastructure of Wood and Lignocellulose Role of Lignin i… Show more

Cited by 41 publications

References 352 publications

Bioremediation of phenolic compounds by higher fungi - A review.

Bioremediation of phenolic compounds by higher fungi - A review.

Downregulation of p-Coumaroyl Quinate/Shikimate 3′-Hydroxylase (C3′H) or Cinnamate-4-hydrolylase (C4H) in Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis Leads to Increased Extractability

The Wood Rot Ascomycete Xylaria polymorpha Produces a Novel GH78 Glycoside Hydrolase That Exhibits α- l -Rhamnosidase and Feruloyl Esterase Activities and Releases Hydroxycinnamic Acids from Lignocelluloses

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