Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research

Evaluation of wastewater reclamation technologies based on in vitro and in vivo bioassays

“…Although chlorination led to the decrease of UV254, the genotoxic potential increased by 8.7% for 5 mg/l chlorine dose and 15.2% for 10 mg/l chlorine dose, respectively. The existence of ammonia in the secondary effluent caused the formation of chloramines during chlorination, which may produce DBPs with toxicities far more potent than those currently regulated (Plewa et al, 2004;Choi and Valentine, 2002;Richardson et al, 2007). Further works are necessary to elucidate the reason for the increase of genetic toxicity.…”

Characterization of unknown iodinated disinfection byproducts during chlorination/chloramination using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry

“…Formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) including iodine containing trihalomethanes (THMs) and iodinated acetic acids during disinfection of drinking water has recently caused wide attention because they exhibit greatly increased toxicological effects compared to their chlorinated and brominated analogues (Plewa et al, 2004;Cemeli et al, 2006;Richardson et al, 2007;Plewa et al, 2008;Richardson et al, 2008). Mammalian cell assay has shown that iodoacetic acid is 3 and 288 times more cytotoxic, and 2 and 47 times more genotoxic than bromoacetic acid and chloroacetic acid, respectively (Plewa et al, 2004).…”

Seasonal and spatial evolution of trihalomethanes in a drinking water distribution system according to the treatment process

“…Frequently, the primary disinfectant is changed from chlorine to the so-called alternative 59 disinfectant, like ozone. In some cases, chlorine is used as a secondary disinfectant following primary treatment with an 60 alternative disinfectant, particularly for ozone and chlorine dioxide (Richardson et al 2007). Chlorine and chloramines 61 have also been used in conjunction with ozone for this purpose (Badawy et al 2012).…”