Occurrence of Candida Spp. In Healthy Oral Microbiota

Abstract

Authors' contribution Wkład autorów:A. Study design/planning zaplanowanie badań B. Data collection/entry zebranie danych C. Data analysis/statistics dane -analiza i statystyki D. Data interpretation interpretacja danych E. Preparation of manuscript przygotowanie artykułu F. Literature analysis/search wyszukiwanie i analiza literatury G. Funds collection zebranie funduszy Summary Background. Candida is a strain of fungi that is found on the surface of healthy mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Yet, Candida may also be considered opportunistic microorganisms. The pathogenicity of Candida spp. depends on strain-specific characteristics including, invasiveness, adhesion, and production of biofilm abilities as well as the production of enzymes allowing the colonization of tissue. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the frequency of Candida spp. occurrence in the oral microbiota of healthy adults, and its relation with risk factors and colonization. Material and methods. This study consisted of 72 healthy participants (from the Lubelskie Voivodeship between 19 and 73 years of age). Medical history was collected to determine potential relationships to risk factors affecting oral microbiota (past oral cavity diseases, chronic diseases, and smoking). The participants who were qualified had no oral cavity infections during the study. The collected clinical samples (oral cavity swabs) were disseminated on the chromogenic base for isolation and differentiation of Candida spp. Results. The frequency of Candida spp. occurrence was at the level of 63.8%. C. albicans was the most frequently identified species (56.5%). C. glabrata (45.6%) and C. tropicalis (23.9%) were identified less often. In 21.7% of swabs, two species of Candida were identified and in 2.2% of swabs three species identified. The most common colonization risk factor was associated with smoking (32.6%). Conclusions. Yeasts of Candida species are part of the healthy microflora of the oral cavity in people of different ages and may occur as single species or coexist with other species. The coexistence of chronic diseases, propensity for oral cavity infections and smoking significantly influence the Candida colonization. This may result in future clinical consequences, for example in cases of immunodepression.

Evaluating the role of local host factors in the candidal colonization of oral cavity: A review update

“…The ability of various microorganisms to colonize the oral mucosa and the type of infections caused may be determined by strain-specific features of that particular microorganism like invasiveness, ability to adhere to the mucosa and their ability to form biofilm[ 10 ] and Candida , being a ubiquitous fungus is no exception. Apart from these, there are some local host factors which may influence the oral candidal colonization in humans.…”

Living together: The role of Candida albicans in the formation of polymicrobial biofilms in the oral cavity

“…However, other notable contributing species, particularly common in nosocominal infections, include Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, and recently identified C. auris, all exhibiting remarkable resistance to several antifungal agents, making the infection difficult to treat (Berkow & Lockhart, 2017). Most Candida infections are endogenous, with the exception of C. krusei, which has not been found in the oral microbiome of healthy humans, suggesting its exogenous source (Kimsa & Tokarska-Rodak, 2020). (Kadosh, 2016).…”