Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona

Kitajima, Masaaki; Haramoto, Eiji; Iker, Brandon C.; Gerba, Charles P.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.036

Cited by 106 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In Europe, C. cayetanensis oocysts were detected in 9% of samples tested of drinking water, wastewater, and recreational water in Madrid, Spain (Galvan et al, 2013) and in 15.5% of several environmental matrices including treated wastewater, soil, and vegetables in Apulia, southern Italy with a high prevalence of infection in humans (27.5%, 11/40) (Giangaspero et al, 2015b). In southern Arizona in the US, 19% of wastewater samples were positive for the parasite (Kitajima et al, 2014). The German Cyclospora outbreak and the finding of the parasite in different biological matrices in the former countries suggest that irrigation water, soil, and vegetables may represent a source of cyclosporiasis in these areas and illustrates the potential for C. cayetanensis to become endemic in industrialized nations.…”

Section: Figure 1 Distribution Of Cyclosporiasis In Developing Regiomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyclospora cayetanensis

Chacín-Bonilla¹

2019

Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Wate

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Section: Figure 1 Distribution Of Cyclosporiasis In Developing Regiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In developed countries, the efficacy of conventional wastewater treatment processes at removing Cyclospora oocysts is limited (Galvan et al, 2013;Kitajima et al, 2014;Giangaspero et al, 2015b). Therefore, more advanced treatments must be used for further reduction of oocysts for reclamation purposes (Kitajima et al, 2014).…”

Section: Hygiene Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Chacín-Bonilla¹

2019

Water and Sanitation for the 21st Century: Health and Microbiological Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management (Global Wate

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“…Research conducted in the USA (Arizona) showed that in 24 samples of raw wastewater from 2 treatment plants, the average concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 74-100 oocyst/dm 3 [18]. According to WHO [6] and Smith [19], Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the range from 3.3 to 20,000 oocyst/dm 3 in purified wastewater, 0.006-2.5 oocyst/dm 3 in surface waters contaminated with agricultural sewage, 0.66-500 oocyst/dm 3 in recreational waters, and 0.006-4.8 oocyst/dm 3 in drinking water.…”

Section: Protozoa Of the Genus Cryptosporidiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to studies carried out by Kitajima et al [18] and Hatam-Nahavandi et al [25], 1600-4900 cysts from Giardia genus (Iranian area) may be present in 1 dm 3 of raw sewage or their number may even reach 4800-6400 cysts (USA, Arizona).…”

Section: Protozoa Of the Genus Giardiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on the effectiveness of the parasitic protozoa removal in the process of wastewater treatment conducted throughout the world illustrate the variation in the degree of reduction of cysts and oocysts reaching the aquatic environment. According to the literature, in the case of protozoa of G. intestinalis in the USA, cyst removal rate reaches 97% and 99% [18], while in Germany, the estimated average removal rate for all wastewater treatment plants is 92% [47], in Spain, the yield is 82% [48], and in Sweden, it is 67-87% [49]. These differences may result mainly from the dissimilarity of applied waste water treatment technologies and the amount of organisms contained in the raw sewage.…”

Section: Prevention Of Water-borne Infection Caused By Protozoa Of Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Issues of the presence of parasitic protozoa in surface waters

Hawrylik

2018

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. Parasitic protozoa are very numerous organisms in the environment that play an important role in the spread of water-borne diseases. Water-borne epidemics caused by parasitic protozoa are noted throughout the world. Within these organisms, intestinal protozoa of the genera Cryptosporidium and Giardia are ones of the most serious health hazards for humans. This paper focuses on the problem of the presence of parasitic protozoa in surface waters. Characteristics of the most frequently recognized pathogens responsible for water-borne outbreaks were described, as well as sources of contamination and surface waters contamination due to protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium and Giardia were presented. The methods of destroying the cysts and oocysts of parasitic protozoa used nowadays in the world were also presented in a review.

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Fate and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in repacked soil columns: Influence of soil properties and surfactant

Darnault

Peng

et al. 2022

Vadose Zone Journal

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A series of laboratory experiments was performed to investigate the transport and retention of viable C. parvum oocysts in soil columns homogeneously packed with loamy sand soils (Lewiston and Greenson series) and sandy loam soils (Sparta and Gilford series), and under hydrologic conditions involving the presence of an anionic surfactant—Aerosol 22 in artificial rainfall. To characterize the effect of surfactant on the mobility of C. parvum oocysts in the soils used in this study, these results were compared with previous laboratory‐scale column experiments of a previous study using soils contaminated with oocysts, under conditions identical to those described here except for the absence of the surfactant in the percolating water. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection and quantification of C. parvum oocysts in soil leachates to assess their breakthrough and in soil matrices to characterize their spatial distribution. Alterations in the rate and extent of transport of C. parvum oocysts were discerned per the physicochemical parameters analyzed—soil types, soil chemistry, and surfactant—and resulted in either the enhancement or hinderance of C. parvum oocysts adsorption to surfaces, and their movement in soils. In the case of loamy sand soils, the transport of C. parvum oocysts through the soil matrices increased with the application of surfactant for Sparta series and remained at a similar level for Gilford series. Regarding sandy loam soils, the movement of C. parvum oocysts through the soil matrices increased for Greenson series and decreased for Lewiston series with the application of surfactant.

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Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona

Cited by 106 publications

References 43 publications

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Cyclospora cayetanensis

Issues of the presence of parasitic protozoa in surface waters

Fate and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in repacked soil columns: Influence of soil properties and surfactant

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