Occurrence of Enteric Parasitic Infections among HIV-infected Individuals and Its Relation to CD4 T-cell Counts with a Special Emphasis on Coccidian Parasites at a Tertiary Care Centre in South India

Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran; Vignesh, Ramachandran; Pradeep, Amrose; Solomon, Sunil S.; Solomon, Suniti; Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

doi:10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_164

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Several studies were performed in Brazil where high variations in prevalence were also reported (1.1–13.0%) (Sauda et al ., 1993; Cardoso et al ., 2011; Assis et al ., 2013, Barcelos et al ., 2018). In the Indian subcontinent, high prevalence levels have also been reported, ranging between 20.9 and 30.8% (Prasad et al ., 2000; Vignesh et al ., 2007; Kulkarni et al ., 2013; Swathirajan et al ., 2017), but also the prevalences in the same area varied from report to report (from 1.2 to 31%) (reviewed by Mohanty et al ., 2013). Analysis of 88 transplant recipients in India, revealed that 3 (3.4%) had the parasite (Yadav et al ., 2016).…”

Section: Distribution and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of infection to C. belli is significantly higher in HIV-infected patients compared to HIV-negative patients in different geographical areas: 0% (0/81) in HIV-negative vs 9.9% (13/131) in HIV-positive individuals in Brazil (Sauda et al ., 1993); 0.4% (1/266) in HIV-negative patients vs 28% (18/65) in HIV-positive patients in India (Kulkarni et al ., 2013); 0% (0/164) in HIV-negative patients vs 12.2% (26/214) in HIV-positive patients in Ethiopia (Assefa et al ., 2009); and 2.9% (50/1722) in HIV-negative patients compared to 8.4% (28/334) in HIV-positive patients in Peru (Chincha et al ., 2009). In HIV-infected persons, C. belli prevalence rates varied from 0.4% to 28% (DeHovitz et al ., 1986; Ros et al ., 1987; Sauda et al ., 1993; Lagrange-Xélot et al ., 2008; Chincha et al ., 2009; Kulkarni et al ., 2013; Swathirajan et al ., 2017; Barcelos et al ., 2018; Casmo et al ., 2018) (Table 2).…”

Section: Distribution and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cystoisospora belliinfections in humans: the past 100 years

Dubey

Almerı́a

2019

Parasitology

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Cystoisospora belli is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed, but mainly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Many cases of C. belli infections have been reported in patients with HIV, and in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants or those treated for tumours worldwide. Unsporulated or partially sporulated oocysts of C. belli are excreted in feces. When sporulated oocysts in contaminated water or food are ingested, asexual and sexual stages of C. belli are confined to the epithelium of intestines, bile ducts and gallbladder. Monozoic tissue cysts are present in extra-intestinal organs (lamina propria of the small and large intestine, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver) of immunosuppressed humans. However, a paratenic host has not been demonstrated. Cystoisospora belli infections can be persistent, lasting for months, and relapses are common; the mechanism of relapse is unknown. Recently, the endogenous stages of C. belli were re-examined and attention was drawn to cases of misidentification of non-protozoal structures in the gallbladder of patients as C. belli. Here, we review all aspects of the biology of C. belli, including morphology, endogenous stages, prevalence, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and control.

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Section: Distribution and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distribution and Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Cystoisospora belliinfections in humans: the past 100 years

Dubey

Almerı́a

2019

Parasitology

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“…In our study, the prevalence of Cystoisospora belli infection was 20.29% which is very high compared to reports across various parts of India and the developing world, a study done by Swathirajan et al . [ 16 ] at Chennai, South India, shows the prevalence of C. belli to be 60.9%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From patients' perspective, avoiding these infections relies on adhering to proper treatment regimens and maintaining good personal hygiene such as drinking boiled water, which may help in avoiding the risk of diarrheal disorders. [ 16 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in Northeast India

Namaji¹,

Pathan²,

Balki³

2020

Indian J Sex Transm Dis

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Introduction: Diarrhea is one of the major complications occurring in over 90% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals in developing countries. Coccidian group of parasitic infections remain the standout opportunistic pathogens in many parts of the world. Aim: The objective was to understand the profile of diarrheagenic parasites in HIV/AIDS patients along with analysis of the changing trends in the profile of parasitic diarrhea with special context to coccidian parasitic infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was performed at “ID CENTRE FOR NORTHEAST,” Shillong, from January 2014 to October 2017. Stool samples collected were observed microscopically for parasites both on direct and concentrated stool samples under ×10 and ×40 magnification. Modified acid-fast staining was used for the detection of coccidian parasites. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS software, Version 24.0. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 40.99%, coccidian parasitic infection accounted for 85.13% of total intestinal parasitic infections. Cryptosporidium parvum was the most common cause of diarrhea (70.64%), followed by Cystoisospora belli (23.81%) and Cyclospora spp. (5.55%). Trend analysis of coccidian etiology during the study revealed a significant rise in the positivity of Cryptosporidium spp. and a decrease in the Cystoisosporiasis belli infection. The common noncoccidian parasites identified include hookworm (8.1%) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (4.7%). Conclusion: The magnitude of parasitic infections is considerably high among the HIV/AIDS patients in Northeast India, and it is essential for screening and periodic monitoring of all the HIV patients for coccidian parasites by stool microscopy.

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“…Las infecciones por coccidios intestinales se encuentran ampliamente distribuidas en el mundo, detectándose tasas de prevalencias muy variadas: China (12%) 8 , Nepal (5,6%-14,1%) 9 , Polonia (5,4%) 10 , India (1,13-31,29%) 11,12 , Arabia Saudita (19,23%) 13 , Nigeria (2,2-32,2) 14 , Costa de Marfil (3,9-7,7%) 15 , Etiopía (7,9-20,8%) 16 , Libia (0.9-13%) 17 . Para países de Latinoamérica, se han encontrado cifras de prevalencia variables similares, incluyendo Guatemala (7,14-13,7%) 18 , México (9,,4%) 19,20 , Argentina (1,3%) 21 , Perú (4->40%) 22 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified