Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in food production environments and households

Kandhai, M.C.; Reij, M.W.; Gorris, L.G.M.; Guillaume-Gentil, Olivier; Schothorst, M. van

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15169-0

Cited by 298 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Infections in elderly and immunocompromised adults have also been reported (Healy et al, 2010), and the epidemiology of these cases suggests that other potential sources of contamination exist, such as the home environment (Kandhai et al, 2004;Kilonzo-Nthenge et al, 2008), retail foods (e.g. dried milk powder, dried meats, legumes, nuts, dried flours and spices) (Friedemann, 2007;Hochel et al, 2012) or drinking water (Lui et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

105

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The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98 % of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the bestcharacterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-a and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

105

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“…C. sakazakii can be found in the environment and in foods, with the most probable sources of the latter being water, soil and vegetables. Based on some of the organism's physiological features, it is likely that its natural habitat is on plant material 39 . These physiological traits aid environmental survival, and include the ability to produce a yellow pigment that protects the cell against UV rays in sunlight, capsular and fimbriae formation to aid in adherence to surfaces including other cell types, and its ability to resist desiccation during long dry periods.…”

Section: Reservoirs Of C Sakazakiimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the specific bacterial adhesins and host cell receptors involved in these processes are unknown. Some strains of C. sakazakii produce capsular material and how this material contributes to macrophage evasion remains to be determined 39 . Furthermore, this capsule may also provide protection for the organism, facilitating its survival in desiccated environments.…”

Section: Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors Of Cronobacter Sakazakiimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii): An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Fakruddin¹,

Rahaman²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2013

Int J of Biomed & Adv Res

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Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging pathogen that causes necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis. This bacterium is opportunistic pathogen and is linked with life-threatening infections in neonates and elderly persons. It is considered as ubiquitous organism and can be found in a broad range of foods & food ingredients and in water, in a variety of areas, including hospitals and houses though outbreaks most commonly associated with the ingestion of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods has ranked C. sakazakii a “severe hazard for restricted populations.” It poses high tolerance to environmental stresses such as osmotic stress, elevated temperature etc. and decontamination processes and has broad antibiotic resistance and resistance to bile salts and disinfectants. Cronobacter sakazakii may survive in macrophage cells and efficiently attach to and invade epithelial cell lines, produce exopolysaccharide, form biofilm and has active efflux pumps. Controlling the organism in the production environment, thereby reducing dissemination, necessitates the provision of suitable diagnostic tools. Appropriate measures by parents, food and infant formula manufacturers, and health care providers, as well as understanding of the pathogenesis, are important in the prevention of C. sakazakii-related infections.

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“…Both the source of Cronobacter and vehicle of transmission are not always clear. Surveillance studies have detected Cronobacter in various foods, households, and environments (Kandhai et al 2004). However, powdered infant formula (PIF) has been epidemiologically linked to the cases of infants infection (Acker et al 2001), thus more research has focused on the surveillance of PIF products for the presence of Cronobacter.…”

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confidence: 99%

Isolation of Cronobacter spp. isolates from infant formulas and their survival in the production process of infant formula

Fu¹,

Gao²,

Liu³

et al. 2011

Czech J. Food Sci.

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Fu S. , Gao J., Liu Y., Chen H. (2011): Isolation of Cronobacter spp. isolates from infant formulas and their survival in the production process of infant formula. Czech J. Food Sci., 29: 391-399.Over a 24-month surveillance, three Cronobacter strains, NC041, NC830, and NC1006, were isolated from 77 powder infant formulas (3.90%). No Cronobacter was detected in liquid milk. The prevalence of Cronobacter in the prefinal product and packaged final product was 3.70% and 4.35%, respectively. The isolated Cronobacter strains were subjected to several lethal challenges including the pH, drying, disinfectant, and simulated infant formulas manufacturing process (SIFMP). The results indicated that they exhibited unusual resistance to the dry stress and disinfectant. In SIFMP, Cronobacter isolates were inoculated into three possible contamination entry points involving the stages prior to heating, drying, and filling, respectively. No Cronobacter could survive the heating. However, a high level (10 5 CFU/ml) of Cronobacter was detected in the samples after the inoculation at the drying point. Furthermore, the survival of Cronobacter was observed during the storage at 10°C after 7 days. The results support the hypothesis that Cronobacter contamination occurs at the stages of drying and filling, and highlight the need to improve the disinfecting measures in the manufacturing process.

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Occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii in food production environments and households

Cited by 298 publications

References 5 publications

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii): An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen

Isolation of Cronobacter spp. isolates from infant formulas and their survival in the production process of infant formula

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