Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and wild Zanzibar red colobus monkeys (Procolobus kirkii)

Debenham, John; Atencia, Rebeca; Midtgaard, F.; Robertson, Lucy J.

doi:10.1111/jmp.12158

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…prevalence rates and Giardia genotypes in captive gibbons in Thailand. The prevalence of these infections were commonly high and ranged from 25 to 100% in either free-ranging (5, 7–10, 22, 28, 31, 45, 46) or captive non-human primates (4, 7, 11, 13–15, 20, 23–26, 46, 47). In the current study, overall prevalence rates of nematodes, G. duodenalis , and Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in NHP are common (18–21). In wild and captive NHP, prevalence rates of these infections range from undetectable level to as high as 70% (20, 22–26). In several studies on NHP, zoonotic assemblages of G. duodenalis , assemblage A and B, were identified and the assemblage B was more prevalent in both captive and free-range animals (18, 23, 27, 28).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intestinal Parasites and the Occurrence of Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotype in Captive Gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Thailand

et al. 2019

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Intestinal parasitic infections can have an impact on health and growth of wildlife. The current study aims were to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and to molecular characterize Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in captive gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Thailand. Fifty-five gibbons, 2 agile- ( Hylobates agilis ), 38 lar- ( Hylobates lar ) and 15 pileated gibbons ( Hylobates pileatus ) were included in this study. Fecal samples were collected individually at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Chachoengsao province, eastern Thailand, in November 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections were examined by zinc sulfate centrifugation flotation and by a commercially available immunofluorescent assay (IFA) for detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.. Polymerase chain reaction targeting the Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta- giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes, and the Cryptosporidium small subunit-rRNA and heat-shock protein (hsp70) following by DNA sequencing were performed on the IFA positive samples. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center was 12.7% (95%CI: 5.3–24.5), Strongyloides spp. eggs or larvae were present in all positive samples. Co-infections with G. duodenalis were detected in 1.8% (95%CI: 0.1–9.7) of the samples. Based on the sequencing results of the three genes, the IFA Giardia positive isolate typed as the zoonotic genotype B. Since the data reveals the occurrence of zoonotic Giardia genotype, good hygiene management is suggested to prevent the transmission of this pathogen from gibbon to human, and vice versa.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Parasites and the Occurrence of Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotype in Captive Gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Thailand

et al. 2019

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“…Predictably, Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite causing malaria, has been studied extensively in African sanctuaries, with researchers collaborating to analyse samples obtained from all four great ape species [208,209], while similar research has been conducted at Kumamoto [210]. Parasites responsible for schistosomiasis have also been studied at Ngamba [211][212][213][214][215], while other intestinal parasites have been researched in sanctuary-housed chimpanzees at Kumamoto [216,217], Limbe and Sweetwaters [218], as well as in chimpanzees and mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) at Tchimpounga [219] and bonobos at Lola [220].…”

Section: (C) Veterinary Genetic and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of research in primate sanctuaries

Ross

Leinwand

2020

Biol. Lett.

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While non-human primate studies have long been conducted in laboratories, and more recently at zoological parks, sanctuaries are increasingly considered a viable setting for research. Accredited sanctuaries in non-range countries house thousands of primates formerly used as subjects of medical research, trained performers or personal pets. In range countries, however, sanctuaries typically house orphaned primates confiscated from illegal poaching and the bushmeat and pet trafficking trades. Although the primary mission of these sanctuaries is to rescue and rehabilitate residents, many of these organizations are increasingly willing to participate in non-invasive research. Notably, from a scientific standpoint, most sanctuaries provide potential advantages over traditional settings, such as large, naturalistic physical and social environments which may result in more relevant models of primates' free-ranging wild counterparts than other captive settings. As a result, an impressive scope of research in the fields of primate behaviour, cognition, veterinary science, genetics and physiology have been studied in sanctuaries. In this review, we examine the range and form of research that has been conducted at accredited sanctuaries around the world. We also describe the potential challenges of sanctuary-based work and the considerations that external researchers may face when deciding to collaborate with primate sanctuaries on their research projects.

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“…There are many factors that contribute to the risk this poses, including the relative titre of the pathogen, its survivability in the environment, and the potential susceptibility of the host animal (Bivins et al, 2020 ; Devaux et al, 2019 ; Köndgen et al, 2008 ; Oude Munnink et al, 2021 ). However, the extent to which anthropozoonoses result from human sewage has not been determined, with only a handful of studies describing occurrences (Debenham et al, 2015 ; Hermosilla et al, 2016 ; Olayemi et al, 2020 ; Ryan & Caccio, 2013 ; Sutherland et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Wastewater As a Mechanism For Anthropogenic Transmission Of Infectious Microbesmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 and wastewater: What does it mean for non‐human primates?

Mathavarajah

Melin

Dellaire

2021

American J Primatol

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In most of our lifetimes, we have not faced a global pandemic such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019. The world has changed as a result. However, it is not only humans who are affected by a pandemic of this scale. Our closest relatives, the non‐human primates (NHPs) who encounter researchers, sanctuary/zoo employees, and tourists, are also potentially at risk of contracting the virus from humans due to similar genetic susceptibility. “Anthropozoonosis”—the transmission of diseases from humans to other species—has occurred historically, resulting in infection of NHPs with human pathogens that have led to disastrous outbreaks. Recent studies have assessed the susceptibility of NHPs and predict that catarrhine primates and some lemurs are potentially highly susceptible to infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus. There is accumulating evidence that a new factor to consider with the spread of the virus is fecal‐oral transmission. The virus has been detected in the watersheds of countries with underdeveloped infrastructure where raw sewage enters the environment directly without processing. This may expose NHPs, and other animals, to SARS‐CoV‐2 through wastewater contact. Here, we address these concerns and discuss recent evidence. Overall, we suggest that the risk of transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 via wastewater is low. Nonetheless, tracking of viral RNA in wastewater does provide a unique testing approach to help protect NHPs at zoos and wildlife sanctuaries. A One Health approach going forward is perhaps the best way to protect these animals from a novel virus, the same way that we would protect ourselves.

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Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and wild Zanzibar red colobus monkeys (Procolobus kirkii)

Abstract: In these primate groups, in which interactions with humans and human environments are quite substantial, Giardia and Cryptosporidium are rare pathogens. In chimpanzees, Giardia may have a zoonotic or anthropozoonotic potential.

Cited by 9 publications

References 30 publications

Intestinal Parasites and the Occurrence of Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotype in Captive Gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Thailand

Intestinal Parasites and the Occurrence of Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotype in Captive Gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Thailand

A review of research in primate sanctuaries

SARS‐CoV‐2 and wastewater: What does it mean for non‐human primates?

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