Occurrence of type A, B and D trichothecenes in barley and barley products from the Bavarian market

Abstract

Fifty-nine samples of barley and barley products were analysed for 18 trichothecene mycotoxins by a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method (detection limits 0.062-0.70 μg/kg) after sample extract clean-up on MycoSep®-226 columns. The samples were collected in 2009 from barley processing facilities (mills and malt houses) and at wholesale and retail stage from the Bavarian market. The predominant toxins were T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON). For all samples, the mean levels of T-2 and HT-2 were 3.0 μg/kg and 6.8 μg/kg with rates of contamination of 63% and 71%, respectively. The maximum values were 40 μg/kg for T-2 and 47 μg/kg for HT-2. The rate of contamination with DON was high (95%) with a low mean level of 23 μg/kg. The DON levels ranged between 3.4 to 420 μg/kg. For T-2 tetraol, a mean level of 9.2 μg/kg and a maximum level of 51 μg/kg with a rate of contamination of 71% were determined. NIV was detected in 69% of the samples with a mean level of 11 μg/kg and a maximum level of 72 μg/kg. Other type A and B trichothecenes were detected only in traces. Type D trichothecenes, fusarenon-X, verrucarol and 4,15-diacetylverrucarol were not detected in any sample. Winter barley and malting barley were the most contaminated groups of all samples in this study. In malting barley, the highest levels of contamination with type A trichothecenes were found. In contrast, winter barley showed the highest contamination with type B trichothecenes. The lowest mycotoxin concentrations were found in de-hulled and naked barley and in pearl barley.

Fate of Mycotoxins during Beer Brewing and Fermentation

“…[7][8][9][10] It has in fact been reported that such mycotoxins as trichothecenes, OTA, and FMs were transferred to commercial beer. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Studies have also been carried out on the fate of such specific mycotoxins as AFB 1 , DON, HT-2, OTA, FMB 1 , and ZON during beer brewing. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Despite the fact that many mycotoxins can contaminate the beer or raw materials used in beer manufacture, not all have yet been comprehensively studied.…”

Mycotoxins Analysis in Cereals and Related Foodstuffs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques

“…Barthel et al [144] analyzed fifty nine samples of barley and barley products for 18 trichothecene mycotoxins by a sensitive LC-MS/MS. After sample extract clean-up on MycoSep ® -226 columns, these authors confirmed that LODs were ranged between 0.062-0.70 μg/kg.…”

Recent developments in stable isotope dilution assays in mycotoxin analysis with special regard to Alternaria toxins

“…Of the 30 published LC-MS methods covering the years 2008-2013 that have been reviewed recently [79], ten of them use at least one commercially labelled standard for correction of the analytical results [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]. More recent methods follow this trend and perform SIDAs for all or at least some analysed mycotoxins (Table 1).…”