Occurrence of Zearalenone-4-β-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranoside in Wheat

Schneweis, Isabell; Meyer, Karsten; Engelhardt, G.; Bauer, Johann

doi:10.1021/jf010802t

Cited by 131 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In case of those composites, where ZON was detected but not quantified, values of Z4S contents suggested Z4G:ZON ratios of over 1:10 considering maximum ZON levels of 10 ng g -1 (=LOQ). For Z4G:ZON, correlations of contents have been reported in a study on wheat, stating Z4G values of about 10% of the ZON level in those samples in which both analytes were determined (Schneeweis et al, 2002). On the other hand, Z4G could not be determined in 50% of those samples that contained ZON.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Occurrence of free and conjugatedFusariummycotoxins in cereal-based food

Vendl

Crews

MacDonald

et al. 2010

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Occurrence of free and conjugatedFusariummycotoxins in cereal-based food

Vendl

Crews

MacDonald

et al. 2010

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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“…However, it can be reactivated in the digestive tracts of animals by glucosidases (14). ZON-4-O-Glc, which may be present in ZON-contaminated wheat (32), is not measured in routine analytical procedures and may be responsible for cases in which higher estrogenic activity is observed in feed than would be expected from ZON measurements. One possibility would be to incorporate a glucosidase treatment of samples into existing analytical procedures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This conjugate can occur in wheat samples naturally infected with Fusarium at concentrations ranging from 17 to 104 g/kg (32). The glucose conjugate of ZON is not detected by conventional analytical techniques but can be easily hydrolyzed in the digestive tracts of animals (14) and could therefore be an important, but hitherto unaccounted for, source of the mycotoxin in the diet.…”

Section: In Particular Zearalenone-4-␤-d-glucopyranoside (Zon-4-o-gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterologous Expression of Arabidopsis UDP-Glucosyltransferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Production of Zearalenone-4- O -Glucoside

Poppenberger

Berthiller²,

Bachmann

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Zearalenone, a secondary metabolite produced by several plant-pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium, has high estrogenic activity in vertebrates. We developed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae bioassay strain that we used to identify plant genes encoding UDP-glucosyltransferases that can convert zearalenone into zearalenone-4-Oglucoside (ZON-4-O-Glc). Attachment of the glucose moiety to zearalenone prevented the interaction of the mycotoxin with the human estrogen receptor. We found that two of six clustered, similar UGT73C genes of Arabidopsis thaliana encode glucosyltransferases that can inactivate zearalenone in the yeast bioassay. The formation of glucose conjugates seems to be an important plant mechanism for coping with zearalenone but may result in significant amounts of "masked" zearalenone in Fusarium-infected plant products. Due to the unavailability of an analytical standard, the ZON-4-O-Glc is not measured in routine analytical procedures, even though it can be converted back to active zearalenone in the digestive tracts of animals. Zearalenone added to yeast transformed with UGT73C6 was converted rapidly and efficiently to ZON-4-O-Glc, suggesting that the cloned UDP-glucosyltransferase could be used to produce reference glucosides of zearalenone and its derivatives.

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“…Its occurrence was later described in a wide range of grains (Schneweis et al, 2002;De Boevre et al, 2013). Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3Glc) De Boevre et al, 2013) is, however, the most reported modified mycotoxin, along with the two acetylated derivatives of DON (15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15Ac-DON and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3Ac-DON), being proven to frequently occur in naturally infected cereals such as wheat, barley and maize.…”

Section: Natural Occurrence and Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

Publication¹

2014

EFS2

126

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Following a request from the European Commission, the risks to human and animal health related to modified forms of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins were evaluated. Modified (often called “masked”) mycotoxins are metabolites of the parent mycotoxin formed in the plant or fungus, e.g. by conjugation with polar compounds. Fumonisins, which are difficult to extract from the plant matrix, are also termed modified mycotoxins. The CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to assess human exposure to modified forms of the various toxins in addition to the parent compounds, because many modified forms are hydrolysed into the parent compounds or released from the matrix during digestion. For modified forms of zearalenone, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins and fumonisins, 100 %, 30 %, 10 % and 60 % were added, respectively based on reports on the relative contribution of modified forms. The same factors were used for animal exposure from feed. In the absence of specific toxicity data, toxicity equal to the parent compounds was assumed for modified mycotoxins. Risk characterization was done by comparing exposure scenarios with reference doses of the parent compounds. In humans, all lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) mean and 95th percentile exposures to the sum of modified and parent toxins were below the respective provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDIs) and tolerable daily intakes (TDIs), with two exceptions: for zearalenone and modified zearalenone the UB 95th percentile exposure was up to 2.2‐fold the TDI. For fumonisins and modified fumonisins the exposure of toddlers and other children exceeded the PMTDI at both the LB and the UB estimates, which could be of concern. For farm animal species and pets the exposure to the sum of modified and parent toxins was in general not of concern. The risk in fish could not be addressed. The CONTAM Panel identified several uncertainties and data gaps for modified mycotoxins.

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Occurrence of Zearalenone-4-β-d-glucopyranoside in Wheat

Cited by 131 publications

References 11 publications

Occurrence of free and conjugatedFusariummycotoxins in cereal-based food

Occurrence of free and conjugatedFusariummycotoxins in cereal-based food

Heterologous Expression of Arabidopsis UDP-Glucosyltransferases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Production of Zearalenone-4- O -Glucoside

Scientific Opinion on the risks for human and animal health related to the presence of modified forms of certain mycotoxins in food and feed

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