Occurrence, seasonal distribution, and ecological risk assessment of microplastics and phthalate esters in leachates of a landfill site located near the marine environment: Bushehr port, Iran as a case

Mohammadi, Azam; Malakootian, Mohammad; Dobaradaran, Sina; Hashemi, Majid; Jaafarzadeh, Neemat

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156838

Cited by 122 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…Also, contact of tea leaves with packaging plastic can be the most important source of PAEs (Santana-Mayor et al, 2021). Signi cant relationships among MPs number and PAEs levels have been also found in urban runoff and land ll leachate samples investigated in Iran (Hajiouni et al, 2022;Mohammadi et al, 2022), sediments investigated in Mexico (Ramirez et al, 2019), and seawater investigated in China (Zhang et al, 2019). The polymer pore size, the plastic materials structure, and the additive's physical-chemical features may affect the PAEs migration from plastic materials (Xu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Paes Levels In Teabagmentioning

confidence: 90%

Microplastics and phthalate esters release from teabags into tea drink: Occurrence, human exposure, and health risks

Kashfi

Mohammadi

Rostami

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Tea, the most common infusion worldwide, is usually sold in teabags due to the ease of usage. The increase in the use of plastic materials in the food packaging industry has led to an increase in released contaminants, such as microplastics (MPs) and phthalates (PAEs), in various food products including teabags. In this research, the abundance and features of MPs as well as PAEs concentration were investigated in 45 teabag samples of different Persian and German brands. The abundance of MPs in the Persian and German teabag samples were averagely 412.32 and 147.28 items/single teabag, respectively. Also, average PAEs levels in the Persian and German teabag samples were 2.87 and 2.37 mg/g, respectively. The predominant size category of MPs was relalated to 100–250 µm. Fibers and transparent were the dominant shape and color of detected MPs in teabags, respectively. Polyethylene (PE) and nylon were the most common MP polymer types. The most prominent PAEs congeners in teabag samples were diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Furthermore, MP exposure hazard through tea ingestion was analyzed for three age groups: Teens, adults, and children. DEHP showed the cancer risk (CR) for age groups of children, teens, and adults. The findings of this research indicated that high MPs and PAEs levels are released from teabags into tea drinks. Considering a daily drinking of a volume of 200–400 mL tea, 648–1296 MPs may enter the human body. Thus, tea prepared with teabag-packed herbs may pose a significant health risk for consumers.

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Section: Paes Levels In Teabagmentioning

confidence: 90%

Microplastics and phthalate esters release from teabags into tea drink: Occurrence, human exposure, and health risks

Kashfi

Mohammadi

Rostami

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Once released into the environment, relatively large plastic pieces are subjected to degradation and deterioration, leading to the generation of numerous microplastics (MPs), which is defined as plastic particles with dimension of less than 5 mm (Galafassi et al 2019 ; Qin et al 2022 ; Zhang et al 2021 ). The presence of MPs has been demonstrated in various environment matrixes (Afrin et al 2022a , 2022b ; Akhbarizadeh et al 2021a , b ; Dobaradaran et al 2018 ; Hajiouni et al 2022 ; Kashfi et al 2022 ; Mohammadi et al 2022 ). Nowadays, global populations are universally exposed to MPs (Rahman et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastics in polystyrene-made food containers from China: abundance, shape, size, and human intake

Zhu

Dong²,

Zhao

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Polystyrene-made food containers (PMFCs) have been widely used as takeout containers in China. However, the pollution of microplastics (MPs) in PMFCs used in Chinese restaurants remains not well known. For the first time, this study analyzed MPs in PMFC samples ( n = 354) collected from different restaurants in 28 Chinese cities. MPs were detected in all PMFC samples, with an abundance of 5–173 items/container. PMFC samples from Taiyuan (mean of 86 items/container) contained the highest mean abundance of MPs. A relatively lower abundance of MPs was found in PMFCs from Urumqi (mean of 19 items/container) and Fuzhou (18 items/container). Fiber was the predominant shape of MPs in most of the PMFC samples. The abundance of MPs in PMFCs was positively correlated with the proportion of fiber. The major polymer composition of MPs was polystyrene, accounting for a mean of 45–90% of total polymers for MPs in PMFCs from different cities. The abundance of MPs in PMFC samples was negatively correlated with the proportion of polystyrene. The mean estimated oral exposure of MPs for the general population in different Chinese cities was 0.24–1.4 items/kg bw/day. Such data is important for human MP exposure risk assessment and also for elucidating the sources of human exposure to MPs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-25093-z.

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“…Some different dangerous and carcinogenic compounds have been identified in the environment and food, one of the most important of which is phthalate acid esters (PAEs), which are found in different environments such as food, soil, water and air (Abtahi et al 2019;De-la-Torre et al 2022;Hajiouni et al 2022). PAEs are a wellknown groups of plasticisers and polymer additives that are widely added to carpets, toys, plastics, pharmaceutical tablets and cosmetics in order to increase the durability and flexibility of plastics (Moazzen et al 2019;Mohammadi et al 2022). Due to the weak secondary molecular interactions with the polymer chains, the mentioned analytes are bound to the polymer matrix (Takdastan et al 2021;Mohammadi et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because these compounds (PAEs) are not chemically bound to the matrix, they can be easily released from the polymers and subsequently contaminate food (such as beverages) and the environment (such as air, water and soil; Borch et al 2006;Cao 2008;Farhoodi et al 2008;Amiridou and Voutsa 2011). Also, these compounds can be detected in many products such as cosmetics, adhesives, paints, inks, toys of children and drugs (Hajiouni et al 2022;Mohammadi et al 2022). Several PAE compounds are produced (since of their usages), such as DMP (dimethyl phthalate), DnOP (di-n-octyl phthalate), DEP (diethyl phthalate), DEHP, BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate) and DBP (dibutyl phthalate), which these are the most chief of them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of phthalate acid esters in butter and cheese samples using MSPE‐GC/MS method: A health risk assessment study

Mirzaei,

Ahmadi,

Shariatifar

et al. 2023

Int J of Dairy Tech

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of six phthalate acid esters (PAE) and associated health risks in butter and cheese samples, using the magnetic solid‐phase extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MSPE‐GC/MS) technique. In this study, the limit of detection (LODs), limit of quantifications (LOQs) and the recovery percentages were 0.26–1.02, 0.78–3.06 μg/kg and 98.6–102%. The results showed that in all samples, the mean total PAEs was 9.76 ± 2.39 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of Bis (2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was 2.9 ± 0.88 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–4.24 μg/kg), which is lower than the standard level (EFSA set PAE standard levels between 0 and 50 μg/kg in food and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set 6 μg/L for DEHP in drinking water). Moreover, the average total PAEs in all butter samples were 11.52 ± 2.03 μg/kg (in the range of 7.82–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 3.53 ± 0.73 μg/kg (in the range of 2.05–4.24 μg/kg) and the average total PAEs in all cheese samples were 8.00 ± 1.02 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–9.91 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 2.26 ± 0.43 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–3.04 μg/kg). The rank order of the estimated THQ (target hazard quotient) values based on the 95% percentile (in all samples) was DEHP > DBP (dibutyl phthalate) > BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate) > DEP (diethyl phthalate). The ILCR (Incremental Life Cancer Risk) assessment found that phthalates (DEHP) in dairy product samples are not of concern to humans. Finally, since the amount of these pollutants was less than the existing standards, it can be concluded that it does not pose any danger to Iranian consumers.

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Occurrence, seasonal distribution, and ecological risk assessment of microplastics and phthalate esters in leachates of a landfill site located near the marine environment: Bushehr port, Iran as a case

Cited by 122 publications

References 129 publications

Microplastics and phthalate esters release from teabags into tea drink: Occurrence, human exposure, and health risks

Microplastics and phthalate esters release from teabags into tea drink: Occurrence, human exposure, and health risks

Microplastics in polystyrene-made food containers from China: abundance, shape, size, and human intake

Analysis of phthalate acid esters in butter and cheese samples using MSPE‐GC/MS method: A health risk assessment study

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