Ocean warming has a greater effect than acidification on the early life history development and swimming performance of a large circumglobal pelagic fish

Watson, Sue‐Ann; Allan, Bridie J. M.; McQueen, D; Nicol, Simon; Parsons, Darren M.; Pether, Steve; Pope, Stephen; Setiawan, Alvin N.; Smith, Neville; Wilson, Carly; Munday, Philip L.

doi:10.1111/gcb.14290

Cited by 69 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Such a pronounced interspecies variability is possibly due to different experimental setups, different analysed life stages (often limited to very early life stages, e.g., embryos, nonfeeding larvae), and short-term versus long-term effects of the applied treatments. For example, no effect on growth rate was observed for walleye pollack (Theragra chalcogramma; Hurst, Fernandez, & Mathis, 2013), juvenile scup (Stenotomus chrysops; Perry et al, 2015) and the larvae of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi; Watson et al, 2018). For other species, a decrease in growth rate under elevated CO 2 was observed, for example in the inland silverside (Menidia beryllina; Baumann, Talmage, & Gobler, 2012), for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares; Bromhead et al, 2015), and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus; Frommel et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation

Stiasny

Sswat

Mittermayer

et al. 2019

Global Change Biology

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In order to understand the effect of global change on marine fishes, it is imperative to quantify the effects on fundamental parameters such as survival and growth. Larval survival and recruitment of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were found to be heavily impaired by end‐of‐century levels of ocean acidification. Here, we analysed larval growth among 35–36 days old surviving larvae, along with organ development and ossification of the skeleton. We combined CO2 treatments (ambient: 503 µatm, elevated: 1,179 µatm) with food availability in order to evaluate the effect of energy limitation in addition to the ocean acidification stressor. As expected, larval size (as a proxy for growth) and skeletogenesis were positively affected by high food availability. We found significant interactions between acidification and food availability. Larvae fed ad libitum showed little difference in growth and skeletogenesis due to the CO2 treatment. Larvae under energy limitation were significantly larger and had further developed skeletal structures in the elevated CO2 treatment compared to the ambient CO2 treatment. However, the elevated CO2 group revealed impairments in critically important organs, such as the liver, and had comparatively smaller functional gills indicating a mismatch between size and function. It is therefore likely that individual larvae that had survived acidification treatments will suffer from impairments later during ontogeny. Our study highlights important allocation trade‐off between growth and organ development, which is critically important to interpret acidification effects on early life stages of fish.

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confidence: 99%

Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation

Stiasny

Sswat

Mittermayer

et al. 2019

Global Change Biology

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“…The CO 2 treatments were the currentday ambient conditions for each temperature (462 and 538 µatm for 21 and 25°C, respectively) and an elevated CO 2 treatment of approximately 1000 µatm CO 2 to match projections under RCP 8.5 (Collins et al 2013) (Table 1). Previous results from this experiment have demonstrated increased activity, metabolic rate and growth rate, but reduced survivorship of larval and juvenile kingfish at 25°C relative to 21°C (Laubenstein et al 2018, Watson et al 2018. By contrast, 1000 µatm CO 2 had no effect on activity, growth or survival, but did affect metabolic rate and swimming performance (Laubenstein et al 2018, Watson et al 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Peer Review #2 of "Organ health and development in larval kingfish are unaffected by ocean acidification and warming (v0.1)"

2019

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Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are causing global ocean warming and ocean acidification. The early life stages of some marine fish are vulnerable to elevated ocean temperatures and CO 2 concentrations, with lowered survival and growth rates most frequently documented. Underlying these effects, damage to different organs has been found as a response to elevated CO 2 in larvae of several species of marine fish, yet the combined effects of acidification and warming on organ health are unknown. Yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, a circumglobal subtropical pelagic fish of high commercial and recreational value, were reared from fertilization under control (21°C) and elevated (25°C) temperature conditions fully crossed with control (500 µatm) and elevated (1000 µatm) pCO 2 conditions. Larvae were sampled at 11 and 21 days post hatch for histological analysis of the eye, gills, gut, liver, pancreas, kidney and liver. Previous work found elevated temperature, but not elevated CO 2 , significantly reduced larval kingfish survival while increasing growth and developmental rate. The current histological analysis aimed to determine whether there were additional sublethal effects on organ condition and development and whether underlying organ damage could be responsible for the documented effects of temperature on survivorship. While damage to different organs was found in a number of larvae, these effects were not related to temperature and/or CO 2 treatment. We conclude that kingfish larvae are generally vulnerable during organogenesis of the digestive system in their early development, but that this will not be exacerbated by near-future ocean warming and acidification.

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“…The broodstock were fed a mixture of pilchard (Sardinops sagax) and squid (Notodarus spp.). For further details, all broodstock, egg, and larval maintenance protocols followed Watson et al [15]. The offspring used for this experiment were collected from a spawning event on the night of 23 January 2017.…”

Section: Study Species Broodstock Egg and Larval Maintenancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, Domenici et al [13] found that elevated CO 2 and temperature have different and interacting effects on behavioral lateralization in reef fishes, whereas Munday et al [14] found that elevated CO 2 and temperature have additive effects on metabolic rates in two species of cardinalfishes. Other studies point towards temperature having a greater overall effect on ontogenetic development, swimming ability [15], and the outcome of predator-prey interactions [16] compared with elevated CO 2 . Therefore, it is necessary to consider the interacting effect of warming to properly understand the effects of ocean acidification on fishes and predict outcomes for the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlated Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Behavioral and Metabolic Traits of a Large Pelagic Fish

et al. 2018

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Ocean acidification and warming are co-occurring stressors, yet their effects on early life stages of large pelagic fishes are not well known. Here, we determined the effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature at levels projected for the end of the century on activity levels, boldness, and metabolic traits (i.e., oxygen uptake rates) in larval kingfish (Seriola lalandi), a large pelagic fish with a circumglobal distribution. We also examined correlations between these behavioral and physiological traits measured under different treatments. Kingfish were reared from the egg stage to 25 days post-hatch in a full factorial design of ambient and elevated CO 2 (~500 µatm and~1000 µatm) and temperature (21 • C and 25 • C). Activity levels were higher in fish from the elevated temperature treatment compared with fish reared under ambient temperature. However, elevated CO 2 did not affect activity, and boldness was not affected by either elevated CO 2 or temperature. Both elevated CO 2 and temperature resulted in increased resting oxygen uptake rates compared to fish reared under ambient conditions, but neither affected maximum oxygen uptake rates nor aerobic scope. Resting oxygen uptake rates and boldness were negatively correlated under ambient temperature, but positively correlated under elevated temperature. Maximum oxygen uptake rates and boldness were also negatively correlated under ambient temperature. These findings suggest that elevated temperature has a greater impact on behavioral and physiological traits of larval kingfish than elevated CO 2 . However, elevated CO 2 exposure did increase resting oxygen uptake rates and interact with temperature in complex ways. Our results provide novel behavioral and physiological data on the responses of the larval stage of a large pelagic fish to ocean acidification and warming conditions, demonstrate correlations between these traits, and suggest that these correlations could influence the direction and pace of adaptation to global climate change.

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Ocean warming has a greater effect than acidification on the early life history development and swimming performance of a large circumglobal pelagic fish

Cited by 69 publications

References 71 publications

Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation

Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation

Peer Review #2 of "Organ health and development in larval kingfish are unaffected by ocean acidification and warming (v0.1)"

Correlated Effects of Ocean Acidification and Warming on Behavioral and Metabolic Traits of a Large Pelagic Fish

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