Oceanic Internal Tides: Observations, Analysis and Modeling

Exceedance frequency of appearance of the extreme internal waves in the World Ocean

“…The main source of their generation in the ocean is the semidiurnal tidal wave, which is initially barotropic and generates the baroclinic tidal wave by scattering on the continental shelf. Periodical lunar tide M2 generates internal waves with a period of 12.4 h. This process is well studied and presented in publications (Garret and Kunze, 2007;Morozov, 1995Morozov, , 2018Vlasenko et al, 2005). Nevertheless the variability of the magnitude of the lunar tide and variations in the temperature and salinity of the sea water lead to random characteristics of the observed internal wave field; see, for example, the book by Miropolsky (2001) and review paper by Helfrich and Melville (2006).…”

“…This model determines the background of oceanic internal wave spectra, over which intense processes of internal wave generation occur leading to the appearance of large-amplitude (up to extreme values of 500 m) internal waves (Alford et al, 2015). Data of the largeamplitude internal waves in various areas of the World Ocean are collected in numerous papers (Apel et al, 1985;Salusti et al, 1989;Holloway et al, 1999;Morozov, 1995Morozov, , 2018Ramp et al, 2004;Sabinin and Serebryany, 2007;Shroyer et al, 2011;Xu and Yin, 2012;Kozlov et al, 2014;Xu et al, 2016). For example, extreme waves of high amplitudes in the Strait of Gibraltar and Kara Gates Strait were analyzed in Morozov et al (2002Morozov et al ( , 2003Morozov et al ( , 2008.…”

Tidal internal waves in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica

“…Tidal internal waves exist everywhere in the World Ocean. The most common mechanism for their generation is associated with the interaction of the currents of the barotropic tide with the slopes of bottom topography, which leads to the excitation of internal waves with heights of several tens, and in some cases, hundreds of meters [Morozov, 1995[Morozov, , 2018. Propagation of internal tides often leads to the generation of large-amplitude high-frequency internal waves [Sabinin et al, 2004;Sabinin andSerebryany, 2005, 2007].…”

“…However, observations of internal waves at high latitudes are rare. The principal difference between semidiurnal internal tides existing in the high latitude regions is the location of measurements either north or south of the critical latitude 74 ∘ 30 ′ [Konyaev, 2000;Levine et al, 1985;Marchenko and Morozov, 2016;Marchenko et al, 2010;Morozov and Pisarev, 2002;Morozov et al, 2003aMorozov et al, , 2008Pisarev, 1996]. Internal tides in the straits are generally stronger than in the open ocean because currents 1 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia Copyright 2020 by the Geophysical Center RAS.…”

“…The most studied region of the Antarctic is the Drake Passage where field measurements have been continuing since 1975 [e.g., Heywood et al, 2007;Nowlin et al, 1982]. A review of tidal observations around the Antarctic coastline up to 1980 is presented in [Lutjeharms et al, 1985] and the information about relatively recent studies could be found in [Dragani et al, 2004]. Most of the measurements have been conducted west of the Antarctic Peninsula, more often in the Bransfield Strait [Dragani et al, 2004].…”