Ocular exposure to solar ultraviolet and visible radiation at high latitudes.

Hietanen, Maila

doi:10.5271/sjweh.1687

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Hietanen [31] measured the blue-light effective irradiance of sunlight in a suburb of Helsinki at noon on three sunny days, in summer, winter and spring, and obtained a comparable range of permissible exposure times of 1-6 s. For CO 2 arc welding, Sliney and Wolbarsht [28] reported effective radiances of 17.5 and 53.7 W/cm 2 . sr at welding currents of 90 and 150 A.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Evaluation of Blue-Light Hazards from Various Light Sources

Okuno¹,

Saito²,

Ojima³

2002

Progress in Lens and Cataract Research

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Visible light of short wavelength (blue light) may cause a photochemical injury to the retina, called photoretinitis or blue-light hazard. In this study, various light sources were evaluated for blue-light hazard. These sources include the sun, the arc associated with arc welding and plasma cutting, molten steel, iron and glass, the interior of furnaces, the arc or envelope of discharge lamps, the filament or envelope of incandescent lamps, the envelope of fluorescent lamps and light-emitting diodes. The spectral radiance of each light source was measured, and blue-light effective radiance and the corresponding permissible exposure time per day were calculated in accordance with the ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) standard. The sun, arc welding, plasma cutting and the arc of discharge lamps were found to have extremely high effective radiances with corresponding permissible exposure times of only 0.6-40 s, suggesting that viewing these light sources is very hazardous to the retina. Other light sources were found to have low effective radiances under the study conditions and would pose no hazard, at least for short exposure times.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, only a few reports on such evaluation have been published [28][29][30][31][32][33][34], in part because the evaluation usually requires special equipment and techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Blue-Light Hazards from Various Light Sources

Okuno¹,

Saito²,

Ojima³

2002

Progress in Lens and Cataract Research

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“…An increase of the scleral rigidity may inhibit the axial elongation of progressive myopic eyes and thus may reduce the risk of pathological myopia associated with chorioretinal atrophy, retinal tears and detachment, glaucoma, and endophthalmitis [10,11]. It has been suggested that the use of blue light may be more effective and safer than the use of ultraviolet light because blue light has a greater penetration depth and is less harmful for scleral and retinal tissues [5,9,12,13]. However, the beneficial and harmful effects on the scleral structure of irradiation with light of different wave lengths and intensities are incompletely understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ultrastructure of rabbit sclera after scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and blue light of different intensities

Karl

Makarov

Koch

et al. 2016

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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The data indicate that in rabbits, scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and blue light of 200 mW/cm(2) for 20 min is relatively safe and does not induce ultrastructural alterations of scleral cells and of the collagen composition of the scleral stroma. Irradiation with blue light of intensities between 200 and 400 mW/cm(2) induces scleral cell activation, which may contribute to scleral scarring and stiffening. Higher intensities cause scleritis.

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“…23 The close temporal relationship with viewing of solar eclipses is strong evidence that the disorder is caused by solar radiation, but the importance of different wavelengths is less clear. Blue light 24 may be more important than UV radiation, although one study has shown an increased risk during a period of localized ozone depletion, 25 which suggests a role for UV-B radiation.…”

Section: Effects Of Acute Ultraviolet Irradiation Of the Eyementioning

confidence: 98%

An Epidemiological Perspective of Ultraviolet Exposure—Public Health Concerns

Lucas

2011

Eye &Amp; Contact Lens: Science &Amp; Clinical Practice

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Over the last 30 years, many countries have developed strong sun protection programs, spurred on by rapidly increasing skin cancer incidence and concerns about stratospheric ozone depletion. More recently, considerable concern has arisen about widespread vitamin D insufficiency, creating a "sun exposure dilemma," since in most regions vitamin D predominantly derives from endogenous synthesis in the skin initiated by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Little attention has been paid to whether a similar dilemma exists for UV-related eye conditions.For the eyes, to our current knowledge, exposure to UV radiation has only adverse effects. There is strong evidence that acute high dose exposure to UV radiation causes photokeratitis and photoconjunctivitis, while even low dose chronic exposure to UV radiation is a risk factor for cataract, pterygium, and squamous cell carcinoma of the cornea and conjunctiva. There is weaker evidence in relation to other conditions, including ocular melanoma and age-related macular degeneration. Ultraviolet radiation-related eye diseases are common, disabling, and cause a considerable disease burden worldwide.The "correct" public health message for optimal sun exposure is not clear cut, with too many variables-ambient UV radiation, personal skin type, age, weight, clothing habits, medication, and others-for a blanket sun safety message. In addition, there remain many unknowns, including strong evidence supporting or refuting the very many proposed health benefits of vitamin D. More evidence is required to define disease burdens for UV-induced eye diseases, to evaluate the decrease in disease burden from sun protective measures and to elucidate any beneficial effects of exposure of the eye to UV radiation, to provide appropriate advice to the public.

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Ocular exposure to solar ultraviolet and visible radiation at high latitudes.

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Evaluation of Blue-Light Hazards from Various Light Sources

Evaluation of Blue-Light Hazards from Various Light Sources

The ultrastructure of rabbit sclera after scleral crosslinking with riboflavin and blue light of different intensities

An Epidemiological Perspective of Ultraviolet Exposure—Public Health Concerns

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