Ocular irritancy responses to various pHs of acids and bases with and without irrigation

Indocyanine Green Angiographic Features in a Case of Alkali Retinopathy

“…The severity of a chemical injury depends on a number of factors, including duration of exposure, pH, and concentration of the substance. 1,5 Alkali burns are of particular interest, because alkaline substances possess properties that enable them to produce the most rapid and serious ocular destruction. Alkaline materials penetrate ocular tissues through liquefactive necrosis.…”

“…1,2,5 In addition, epithelial cells and granulocytes, involved in the inflammatory process, release collagenase, which exacerbates the damage. [5][6][7] Most reports in the literature emphasize the corneal and conjunctival complications of alkali burns. These complications include persistent epithelial defects, corneal opacification, keratitis sicca, infectious keratitis, stromalysis, symblephara, ciciatricial entropion, trichiasis, and phthisis.…”

Ocular disorders of pet mice and rats

“…It was proposed that bacteria in fecal material split the urinary urea to form ammonia. It was theorized that the ammonia contacts the cornea and causes necrosis of the corneal epithelium, with resultant inflammation and vascularization of the stroma [28,29]. This change eventually results in scarring and mineralization of the stroma with dysplasia of the overlying epithelium [29].…”

Discussion of alternatives to the draize eye irritancy test /

“…It has been suggested that the use of low doses (0.01 mL or 0.01 g) might be more realistic, give better results and cause less eye damage (Griffith et ai, 1980;Stephens 1986;Williams, 1983Williams, , 1984. Factors that may be important in the design of eye irritancy testing are the concentration of the test substance and the duration of contact before washing (Murphy et aL, 1982). Low dose responses can be less severe, less stressful, shorter in duration, and more sensitive in discriminating between similar substances (Griffith and Freeberg, 1987 (ECETOC, 1988) has recommended that a stepwise test strategy, utilizing a variety of prescreening evaluations, be implemented for assessing ocular irritation (Figure 1).…”

“…On the other hand, 5% phenol (pH 7.7) and 5% acetic acid (pH 2.7) were both capable of producing corneal opacity. Similarly, 0.3% (pH 12.8) and 0.1% (pH 12.3) sodium hydroxide did not produce opacity while 1% (pH 13.1) did (Murphy et al, 1982). Consequently, the European Community has ruled out the use of pH as predictor of ocular irritancy (personal communication).…”