Oculomotor inhibitory control in express saccade makers

Wolohan, Felicity D. A.; Knox, Paul C.

doi:10.1007/s00221-014-4076-9

Cited by 11 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Analysis of the timing of error responses demonstrated that most errors were consistent with unsuccessfully inhibited responses to target onsets. We have shown previously that AS and MDOR error rates do not correlate in healthy participants (Wolohan & Knox, 2014). Manipulating fixation conditions (using gap and overlap task versions) did not significantly alter error rates and latencies in the MDOR task (Knox, Heming De-Allie & Wolohan, 2018), although it does in the AS task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…MDOR task performance in the older group was compared to that in younger participants tested previously (Knox, Heming De-Allie & Wolohan, 2018;Wolohan & Knox, 2014). We used data from a group of 39 younger participants, with a group mean age of 22 ± 2 years (range 19-27 years; 15 male).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Any target directed saccade with an amplitude greater than 1 that occurred from 80 ms after target onset to 80 ms after target offset was counted as an error. Saccades occurring <80 ms after target onset were classified as anticipatory saccades, in common with many other studies (Amatya, Gong & Knox, 2011;Wolohan & Knox, 2014), and not included in further analysis. Any target directed saccade occurring from 80 ms to 1,000 ms after target offset was counted as a correct response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used the same apparatus and stimuli as in earlier experiments (Knox, Heming De-Allie & Wolohan, 2018;Wolohan & Knox, 2014). Briefly, stimuli were presented on a 21′ monitor (1,024 × 768 spatial resolution, 100 Hz temporal resolution) driven by a VSG2/5 card (Cambridge Research Systems, Rochester, UK), positioned on the fronto-parallel plane 57 cm from the participant's eye.…”

Section: Apparatus and Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to address some of these issues we developed the minimally delayed oculomotor response (MDOR) task (Knox, Heming De-Allie & Wolohan, 2018;Wolohan & Knox, 2014). The stimulus used is a target step with randomised direction and timing; target display duration (TDD) is also varied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-related alterations in inhibitory control investigated using the minimally delayed oculomotor response task

Knox

Pasunuru

2020

PeerJ

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Healthy, older adults are widely reported to experience cognitive decline, including impairments in inhibitory control. However, this general proposition has recently come under scrutiny because ageing effects are highly variable between individuals, are task dependent, and are sometimes not distinguished from general age-related slowing. We recently developed the minimally delayed oculomotor response (MDOR) task in which participants are presented with a simple visual target step, and instructed to saccade not to the target when it appears (a prosaccade response), but when it disappears (i.e. on target offset). Varying the target display duration (TDD) prevents offset timing being predictable from the time of target onset, and saccades prior to the offset are counted as errors. A comparison of MDOR task performance in a group of 22 older adults (mean age 62 years, range 50–72 years) with that in a group of 39 younger adults (22 years, range 19–27 years) demonstrated that MDOR latency was significantly increased in the older group by 34–68 ms depending on TDD. However, when MDOR latencies were corrected by subtracting the latency observed in a standard prosaccade task, the latency difference between groups was abolished. There was a larger latency modulation with TDD in the older group which was observed even when their generally longer latencies were taken into account. Error rates were significantly increased in the older group. An analysis of the timing distribution of errors demonstrated that most errors were failures to inhibit responses to target onsets. When error distributions were used to isolate clear inhibition failures from other types of error, the older group still exhibited significantly higher error rates as well as a higher residual error rate. Although MDOR latency in older participants may largely reflect a general slowing in the oculomotor system with age, both the latency modulation and error rate results are consistent with an age-related inhibitory control deficit. How this relates to performance on other inhibitory control tasks remains to be investigated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Apparatus and Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age-related alterations in inhibitory control investigated using the minimally delayed oculomotor response task

Knox

Pasunuru

2020

PeerJ

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Saccades: Fundamentals and Neural Mechanisms

Pierce

Clementz

McDowell

2019

Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics

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Probing oculomotor inhibition with the minimally delayed oculomotor response task

2018

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The ability to not execute (i.e. to inhibit) actions is important for behavioural flexibility and frees us from being slaves to our immediate sensory environment. The antisaccade task is one of several used to investigate behavioural inhibitory control. However, antisaccades involve a number of important processes besides inhibition such as attention and working memory. In the minimally delayed oculomotor response (MDOR) task, participants are presented with a simple target step, but instructed to saccade not to the target when it appears (a prosaccade response), but when it disappears (i.e. on target offset). Varying the target display duration prevents offset timing being predictable from the time of target onset, and saccades prior to the offset are counted as errors. Antisaccade error rate and latency are modified by alterations in fixation conditions produced by inserting a gap between fixation target offset and stimulus onset (the gap paradigm; error rate increases, latency decreases) or by leaving the fixation target on when the target appears (overlap paradigm; error rate decreases, latency increases). We investigated the effect of gaps and overlaps on performance in the MDOR task. In Experiment 1 we confirmed that, compared to a control condition in which participants responded to target onsets, in the MDOR task saccade latency was considerably increased (increases of 122–272 ms depending on target display duration and experimental condition). However, there was no difference in error rate or saccade latency between gap and synchronous (fixation target offset followed immediately by saccade target onset) conditions. In Experiment 2, in a different group of participants, we compared overlap and synchronous conditions and again found no statistically significant differences in error rate and saccade latency. The timing distribution of errors suggested that most were responses to target onsets, which we take to be evidence of inhibition failure. We conclude that the MDOR task evokes behaviour that is consistent across different groups of participants. Because it is free of the non-inhibitory processes operative in the antisaccade task, it provides a useful means of investigating behavioural inhibition.

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Oculomotor inhibitory control in express saccade makers

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Age-related alterations in inhibitory control investigated using the minimally delayed oculomotor response task

Age-related alterations in inhibitory control investigated using the minimally delayed oculomotor response task

Saccades: Fundamentals and Neural Mechanisms

Probing oculomotor inhibition with the minimally delayed oculomotor response task

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