Odcienie obcości. Wyniki sondażu „Polacy i inni 30 lat później” — analiza porównawcza (1988, 1998, 2018)

Abstract

The aim of the article is to analyze selected results of the 2018 survey “Poles and Others after Thirty Years” on attitudes to the arrival of foreigners in Poland and to compare them with the results of analogous studies from 1988 and 1998. The authors suggest that the notion of “foreign” is becoming increasingly definite in the consciousness of Polish society. There is a noticeable decline in openness in regard to more foreigners coming to Poland and an increase in the number of people who are clearly opposed to foreigners. The authors argue that the current attitudes of the respondents could have been influenced, on the one hand, by their personal experiences, which in the last few years have begun to take the form of real (non-abstract) contact with foreigners (immigrants), and on the other hand, by the media discourse related to the migration crisis of 2015. In light of the research, open (inclusive) attitudes toward foreigners can not be reduced to simple yes or no answers but remain related to wider world-outlook complexes reflecting the shape of Polish society, which in recent years has experienced the effects of immigration.

Is it Antislavic racism, or how to speak about liminality, stigma, and racism in Europe

“…In the popular opinion and also among Polish scholars, this fact is used to support the view that “the racial problem has never existed in Poland” (Nowicka & Łodziński, 2001, p. 153, own translation). Recent surveys demonstrate the growing dislike towards foreigners and the exclusion of Blacks from the Polish national community (Nowicka & Łodziński, 2021), especially in reference to the continuous understanding of Polishness in biological terms (Balogun, 2022). The images and stereotypes of Blacks in Polish culture are not much different from the ones established in Western Europe, but their reception was adapted to the specific Polish historical condition (Balogun, 2020), which involved a complex relationship between majorities and minorities on its territory (Liebich, 1998) as well as a history of antisemitism and discrimination against Roma.…”

The memory politics of Cursed Soldiers, antisemitism and racialisation

“…Poland has never been a colonial country … In Poland racist ideology did not develop in wide social circles, and the reluctance towards other national and ethnic groups was based more on social premises, historical experiences[.] (Nowicka & Łodziński, 2001, p. 153)However, recent research demonstrates that scientific racism, and the eugenics that grew out of it, was not a marginal phenomenon and was closely linked to the processes of nation formation not only in Poland but also throughout Central and Eastern Europe (Balogun, 2022). The growing tendency in the early 20th century to biologise the social sciences coincided with the formation of nations in the region, which further strengthened the impact of biological concepts, and translated into calls for racial improvement of the nations that were just forming (Turda & Weindling, 2007).…”

“…Poland has never been a colonial country … In Poland racist ideology did not develop in wide social circles, and the reluctance towards other national and ethnic groups was based more on social premises, historical experiences[.] (Nowicka & Łodziński, 2001, p. 153)…”

Społeczno-demograficzne czynniki warunkujące pozytywne postawy wobec imigrantów. Badanie przekrojowe wśród osób mających kontakt z imigrantami z racji pełnionych funkcji zawodowych

“…W badaniu wzięło udział 347 osób (179 kobiet, 165 mężczyzn, 3 osoby nie podały płci) w wieku od 22 do 66 lat. Średni wiek respondentów wyniósł 37,88 (SD = 8,97). Grupa ta składała się z osób mających kontakt z imigrantami z racji pełnionych funkcji zawodowych: pracowników służby więziennej (N = 96), nauczycieli (N = 82), pracowników służby zdrowia (lekarze, pielęgniarki, ratownicy medyczni; N = 90) oraz pracowników straży granicznej (N = 79).…”

“…Na postawy respondentów mogą wpływać z jednej strony osobiste doświadczenia, które w ostatnich latach zaczęły przybierać formę rzeczywistego, nieabstrakcyjnego kontaktu z cudzoziemcami/imigrantami, a z drugiej strony dyskurs medialny, np. związany z kryzysem migracyjnym 37 . Aspektem przyszłych badań powinno być także poszukiwanie zmiennych (np.…”