Oestrogenic Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics

Abstract

Biological sex influences disease development and progression. The steroid hormone 17β-oestradiol (E2), along with its receptors, is expected to play a major role in the manifestation of sex differences. E2 exerts pleiotropic effects in a system-specific manner. Mitochondria are one of the central targets of E2, and their biogenesis and respiration are known to be modulated by E2. More recently, it has become apparent that E2 also regulates mitochondrial fusion–fission dynamics, thereby affecting cellular metabolism. The aim of this article is to discuss the regulatory pathways by which E2 orchestrates the activity of several components of mitochondrial dynamics in the cardiovascular and nervous systems in health and disease. We conclude that E2 regulates mitochondrial dynamics to maintain the mitochondrial network promoting mitochondrial fusion and attenuating mitochondrial fission in both the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

The role of mitochondrial dynamics in the pathophysiology of endometriosis

“…74 Estradiol may suppress mitochondrial fission and promote cell proliferation through downregulation of Drp1 expression. 74 Mitochondria possess adaptive capacity to respond to ever-changing intra (e.g., nutrient starvation) and extracellular (e.g., hypoxia) exposure. 75 Endometriotic cells may manage to survive in these inhospitable environments by relying on a series of estradiol signals.…”

Influence of biological sex and exercise on murine cardiac metabolism

“… 41 , 42 Thus, it remains possible that hormonal differences between male and female mice affect the levels of resident and circulating cells in the heart, which could influence the cardiac metabolome at the whole-organ level. Furthermore, estrogen hormones such as 17β-estradiol influence mitochondrial dynamics 43 and could influence the steady state levels of metabolites in cardiomyocytes. As the field progresses, we anticipate that our understanding of hormone-mediated, sex-based differences in cardiac metabolism will be further illuminated.…”

Association between Estradiol/Estrogen Receptors and Cognition: A Knowledge Domain Visualization Analysis of Trends

“…Estrogens are steroid hormones mainly produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands; in addition, the brain can also produce endogenous estrogens from cholesterol [1,2]. Estrogens are known to promote female sexual characteristics and reproductive capacity, and they can cross the blood-brain barrier, affecting the brain [2][3][4]. Estrogens have 3 forms: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3).…”