Offspring of Depressed Parents: 20 Years Later

Weissman, Myrna M.; Wickramaratne, Priya; Nomura, Yoko; Warner, M; Pilowsky, M.P.H. Daniel J.; Verdeli, Helen

doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1001

Cited by 889 publications

(688 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…18 Parental depression has also been linked with health problems in offspring. [31][32][33] The current findings corroborate the long-term effects of parental depression on offspring, effects that extend to physical health in early adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…[15][16][17][18]20,[25][26][27][28][29] Parents can affect offspring health through genetic factors, physical and mental health, health behaviors, and socioeconomic status. 18,[30][31][32][33][34][35] Studies have found that parental health conditions directly predict poorer self-rated health in young adult offspring, and indirectly through offspring's health behaviors. 18 Parental depression is associated with offspring health problems, such as respiratory illness in childhood, 31 physical symptoms in adolescence, 32 and chronic physical conditions, particularly cardiovascular illness, in mid-adulthood.…”

Section: Nicotine Dependence In Adolescence and Physical Health Symptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Parental depression is associated with offspring health problems, such as respiratory illness in childhood, 31 physical symptoms in adolescence, 32 and chronic physical conditions, particularly cardiovascular illness, in mid-adulthood. 33 Similarly, parental smoking is a risk factor for offspring respiratory problems, other health problems, and lower self-rated health in young adulthood. 18,34 Parental smoking and ND predict youth smoking and ND.…”

Section: Nicotine Dependence In Adolescence and Physical Health Symptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence and Physical Health Symptoms in Early Adulthood

Griesler

2015

NICTOB

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Introduction: To examine the prospective associations of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders nicotine dependence (ND) and other individual and parental factors in adolescence on self-reported health symptoms in early adulthood. Methods: Multiethnic prospective longitudinal cohort of adolescents from grades 6-10 and a parent (N = 908) from the Chicago Public Schools. Adolescents were interviewed five times at 6-month intervals (Waves 1-5) and once 4.5 years later (Wave 6). Parents were interviewed annually three times (W1, W3, W5). Multivariate regressions estimated prospective associations of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ND, other individual and familial risk factors in adolescence (mean age 16.6) on physical health symptoms in early adulthood (mean age 21.3), controlling for health symptoms in adolescence. Results: Levels of health symptoms declined from adolescence to early adulthood, except among dependent smokers. Nicotine dependent adolescents reported more health symptoms as young adults than nonsmokers and nondependent smokers, especially if depressed. ND and health symptoms in adolescence were the strongest predictors of health in early adulthood. These two adolescent factors, depression, and the familial factors of parental ND, depression and health conditions, each independently predicted health symptoms in young adulthood. Females reported more symptoms than males. Conclusions: There is continuity of health status over time. ND, depression, and parental factors in adolescence contribute to poor health in early adulthood. The findings highlight not only the role of adolescent behavior, but the importance of the family in the development of young adult health. Reducing smoking, particularly ND, and depression among adolescents and parents will decrease physical health burden.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Nicotine Dependence In Adolescence and Physical Health Symptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nicotine Dependence In Adolescence and Physical Health Symptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence and Physical Health Symptoms in Early Adulthood

Griesler

2015

NICTOB

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“…8 This is consistent with McEwen's theory of allostatic load. 9 Although the effect of parental depression on child behavioral problems and psychopathology has been well established, [10][11][12][13] to our knowledge, only a limited number of studies to date have evaluated the effects of maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on child psychopathology. [14][15][16][17][18] Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression occur frequently in adults exposed to a disaster.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Maternal Psychopathology on Behavioral Problems in Preschool Children Exposed to Terrorism

Nomura¹,

Chemtob²

2009

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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“…Investigations into the intergenerational transmission of depression in parent-child relationships shows that children of depressed parents suffer long term risks for major depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use throughout adulthood (Weissman et al, 2006). Although research indicates that depressive symptoms from either parent increases a child's vulnerability to psychological problems, Pilowsky et al's (2014) study highlighted that compared to a father's depressive symptoms, maternal depression had a larger effect on a child's psychological health.…”

Section: Mother-child Transmissions Of Depressive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional availability and social skills: A link between mother-child depressive symptoms

Curran

2016

Interpersona

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This research examined the intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms from mothers to their adult children through two succeeding mediators: a child's perception of emotional availability from their mothers, and a child's social skills. To do so, this study integrated principles from the integrative model of risk from depressed mother to offspring, attachment theory, and the social skills deficit theory of depression. Child reports of depressive symptoms, perceived emotional availability from mothers, and social skills were assessed as well as mother reports of depressive symptoms from 224 (N = 448) mother-child dyads. Results showed that maternal depressive symptoms were significantly related to child perceptions of emotional availability. Moreover, emotional availability was positively related to child social skills, which in turn was negatively related to child depressive symptoms. Additionally, the indirect effect from maternal depressive symptoms to child depressive symptoms through the mediators was significant. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Offspring of Depressed Parents: 20 Years Later

Abstract: The offspring of depressed parents constitute a high-risk group for psychiatric and medical problems, which begin early and continue through adulthood. Early detection seems warranted.

Cited by 889 publications

References 44 publications

Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence and Physical Health Symptoms in Early Adulthood

Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence and Physical Health Symptoms in Early Adulthood

Effect of Maternal Psychopathology on Behavioral Problems in Preschool Children Exposed to Terrorism

Emotional availability and social skills: A link between mother-child depressive symptoms

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