Ofloxacin, a new quinolone in the treatment of genitourinary and enteric infections

Tanphaichitra, D; Sahaphong, Somphong; Srimuang, S

doi:10.1007/bf01661308

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The persistence of infection in all of these subjects suggests that a large proportion of symptomatic N. gonorrhoeae infections that go without treatment are likely to persist at least 14 days. Treatment failures have also been reported in a number of other therapeutic trials that also support the hypothesis that N. gonorrhoeae can infect the lower genital tract and persist in the face of localized inflammatory response for at least 14 days (4, 5). To characterize the average bacterial load during infection, Isbey et al analyzed the urine and semen of men with symptomatic urethritis.…”

Section: Natural History Of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infectionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Human Immune Responses and the Natural History of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection

Lovett

Duncan

2019

Front. Immunol.

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The intimate relationship between humans and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections span centuries, which is evidenced in case reports from studies dating back to the late 1700s and historical references that predate medical literature. N. gonorrhoeae is an exclusive human pathogen that infects the genital tract of both men and women as well as other mucosal surfaces including the oropharynx and rectum. In symptomatic infections, N. gonorrhoeae induces a robust inflammatory response at the site of infection. However, infections can also present asymptomatically complicating efforts to reduce transmission. N. gonorrhoeae infections have been effectively treated with antibiotics since their use was introduced in humans. Despite the existence of effective antibiotic treatments, N. gonorrhoeae remains one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens and antibiotic resistant strains have arisen that limit treatment options. Development of a vaccine to prevent infection is considered a critical element of controlling this pathogen. The efforts to generate an effective gonococcal vaccine is limited by our poor understanding of the natural immunologic responses to infection. It is largely accepted that natural protective immunity to N. gonorrhoeae infections in humans does not occur or is very rare. Previous studies of the natural history of infection as well as some of the humoral and cellular immune responses to infection offer a window into the issues surrounding N. gonorrhoeae vaccine development. In this review, we summarize the current body of knowledge pertaining to human immune responses to gonococcal infections and the role of these responses in mediating protection from N. gonorrhoeae .

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Section: Natural History Of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infectionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Human Immune Responses and the Natural History of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection

Lovett

Duncan

2019

Front. Immunol.

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“…A number of studies, including one randomized, prospective trial, indicate that ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin are all effective therapy for typhoid fever and do not result in chronic carriage of the organism (51)(52)(53)(54)(55)). An open trial showed that ciprofloxacin was successful in eliminating fecal excretion from ten of 12 chronic Salmonella typhi excreters, some of whom had excreted the organism for several years; all but two received 28 days of therapy (56).…”

Section: Salmonella In Tections and Chronic Excretion In Addition Tomentioning

confidence: 97%

Quinolones and the gastrointestinal tract

Murray¹

1989

Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

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A number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of the new fluoroquinolones for therapy of bacterial enteric diseases and for prevention of gram-negative sepsis in granulocytopenic patients. The success of the quinolones in these settings is related to several special features of these agents, including their spectrum of activity and high fecal levels, which are in turn reflected in their effect on the gastrointestinal flora. Other factors that are important, particularly for invasive disease such as typhoid fever and shigellosis, include good intracellular and bowel wall penetration, and lymph node and systemic drug concentrations many times higher than the MICs of the causative organisms. This article reviews the factors that contribute to the changes in fecal flora, and the results of clinical studies in patients with diarrhea, granulocytopenic patients, and patients with selected other infections of, or related to, the gastrointestinal tract.

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“…Typhi in Mexico, with nearly 10,000 reported cases and other sporadic outbreaks worldwide in the following two decades made the discovery of novel anti‐ Salmonella drugs even more urgent (Akram et al., 2020; Dyson et al., 2019; Feasey et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2001; Olarte & Galindo, 1973; Wain et al., 1999). In the next few years, clinicians began prescribing fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin and pefloxacin) as potential means of controlling typhoid fever (Eykyn & Williams, 1987; Hafiz et al., 1998; Tanphaichitra et al., 1986). Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme responsible for maintaining the supercoiled state of bacterial genomic DNA (division, coiling and supercoiling) during replication (Cheng et al., 2020; Yu et al., 2020).…”

Section: History Of Antimicrobial Resistance In Salmonella Typhimentioning

confidence: 99%

Defying the odds: Determinants of the antimicrobial response of Salmonella Typhi and their interplay

Chowdhury,

Mukherjee,

Chatterjee

et al. 2023

Molecular Microbiology

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Salmonella Typhi, the invasive serovar of S. enterica subspecies enterica, causes typhoid fever in healthy human hosts. The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains has consistently challenged the successful treatment of typhoid fever with conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is acquired either by mutations in the genomic DNA or by acquiring extrachromosomal DNA via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, Salmonella can form a subpopulation of antibiotic persistent (AP) cells that can survive at high concentrations of antibiotics. These have reduced the effectiveness of the first and second lines of antibiotics used to treat Salmonella infection. The recurrent and chronic carriage of S. Typhi in human hosts further complicates the treatment process, as a remarkable shift in the immune response from pro‐inflammatory Th1 to anti‐inflammatory Th2 is observed. Recent studies have also highlighted the overlap between AP, persistent infection (PI) and AMR. These incidents have revealed several areas of research. In this review, we have put forward a timeline for the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and discussed the different mechanisms of the same availed by the pathogen at the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Further, we have presented a detailed discussion on Salmonella antibiotic persistence (AP), PI, the host and bacterial virulence factors that can influence PI, and how both AP and PI can lead to AMR.

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Ofloxacin, a new quinolone in the treatment of genitourinary and enteric infections

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Human Immune Responses and the Natural History of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection

Human Immune Responses and the Natural History of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection

Quinolones and the gastrointestinal tract

Defying the odds: Determinants of the antimicrobial response of Salmonella Typhi and their interplay

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