Oil Shale as an Alternative Energy Source

Abstract

Oil shale (OS) is one of the world's most important energy resources, and its use can be traced back to ancient times. The objective of this study is to investigate many aspects of OS as an alternative energy source inTurkey, giving Turkey's OS deposits, the history of oil in Turkey, and some studies conducted to evaluate OSs. Research into the utilization of Turkish OSs has been going on since the 1970s, while OSs comprise the second largest solid fuel deposit in Turkey after lignites. OS deposits in Turkey are widely distributed in middle and western Anatolia, with an estimated current reserve of approximately 1,865 million tons. Other potential areas in the north Anatolian fault zone are also under investigation. With the continuing decline of petroleum supplies, accompanied by increasing costs of petroleum-based products, OS may present opportunities for supplying some of Turkey's fossil energy needs in the years ahead.Imports supply more than 60% of the energy requirement of Turkey, although Turkey produces and consumes all kinds of energy resources. In 1999, primary energy (PE) consumption was 76.6 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe), while production was 27.1 Mtoe, and only 35% of demand was met by domestic sources. The energy demand will continue to depend on imported energy in the coming years, more so than at present, for instance, 72% and 76% in 2010 and 2020, respectively (Ediger and Tatlidil, 2002.PE resources that are produced in Turkey are hard coal, lignite, asphaltite, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectric energy, and geothermal energy. The PE production in Turkey increased by about 8.9%, and the total PE supply increased by 6.2% in 1997. The installed energy capacity of Turkey reached about 21.8 GW in 1997. Turkey's natural energy resources are quite diversified; hard coal, lignite, asphaltite, oil, natural gas, hydro, geothermal, wood, animal and plant wastes, solar, and secondary energy resources, such as coke and briquettes, are produced and consumed. Although Turkey's oil and natural gas reserves seem limited, coal reserves are quite abundant (Demirbaş, 2002).OSs comprise the second largest solid fuel reserve in Turkey, after lignites, with reserves totaling approximately 5 billion tons (Bt) in 7 areas in western and central

Flash Pyrolysis of Fushun Oil Shale Fine Particles in an Experimental Fluidized-Bed Reactor

“…Oil shale is one kind of fossil fuel and its abundant reserves are the second largest among all fossil fuels in the world if converted into heat [1]. The deposits of oil shale are distributed throughout the world, though unevenly.…”

Distribution of nitrogen and oxygen compounds in shale oil distillates and their catalytic cracking performance

“…Consequently, oil shale has received much attention worldwide due to its substantial reserves, and it is proposed to be a key alternative to conventional crude oil resources (Solum et al 2014;Fletcher et al 2014;Hillier et al 2013). Shale oil and shale gas have already been the main energy resources in a few countries, and they have supplemented petroleum supplies in many countries throughout the world (Jin et al 2012;Akash 2003;Hepbasli 2004). Shale oil is a complex organic mixture, and it contains thousands of hydrocarbons and heteroatomic organic compounds, such as sulfur-, nitrogen-, and oxygencontaining compounds (Tong et al 2013;Chen et al 2012).…”

Organic geochemical characteristics, depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential of bituminous marls in Bozcahüyük (Seyitömer/Kütahya) Basin

“…In this region, much research has been performed about general and economic geology topics to date due to outcrops of lignite along with bituminous marls Figure 1-Satellite appearance of the study area on Google Earth and location map. (Lebküchner, 1957(Lebküchner, , 1959Nebert, 1960;Beseme, 1969;Ercan et al, 1978;Baş, 1986;Sarıyıldız, 1987;Şener et al, 1995;Şengüler et al, 1998;Şengüler, 1999;Kök et al, 2001;Çelik, 2003;Hepbaşlı, 2004;Kara Gülbay, 2004;Dikmen, 2005;Ekinci, 2006;Altun et al, 2006;Şengüler, 2007;Özburan, 2009;Murat, 2010;Kıratlı, 2019). Organic matter-rich rocks which may be named bituminous shale, oil shale, bituminous schist, bituminous claystone and bituminous marl, generally have black, dark grey, grey, dark and light brown and dark green color and are mostly laminated, while some of the organic matter they contain comprises bitumen, which dissolves in organic solvents, and some comprises kerogen which cannot be dissolved with organic solvents (Dyni, 2003).…”

“…Bu bölgede, linyit ile birlikte bitümlü marnların da yüzeylenmesi nedeniyle günümüze kadar genel ve ekonomik jeoloji konularında birçok araştırma yapılmıştır (Lebküchner, 1957(Lebküchner, ve 1959Nebert, 1960;Beseme, 1969;Ercan ve diğ., 1978;Baş, 1986;Sarıyıldız, 1987;Şener ve diğ., 1995;Şengüler ve diğ., 1998;Şengüler, 1999; Kök ve diğ., 2001;Çelik, 2003;Hepbaşlı, 2004;Kara Gülbay, 2004;Dikmen, 2005;Ekinci, 2006;Altun ve diğ., 2006;Şengüler, 2007;Özburan, 2009;Murat, 2010;Kıratlı, 2019).…”